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Reconstructing a Phylogenetic Level-1 Network from Quartets
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 76 - Trang 2517-2541 - 2014
J. C. M. Keijsper, R. A. Pendavingh
We describe a method that will reconstruct an unrooted binary phylogenetic level-1 network on $$n$$ taxa from the set of all quartets containing a certain fixed taxon, in $$O(n^3)$$ time. We also present a more general method which can handle more diverse quartet data, but which takes $$O(n^6)$$ time. Both methods proceed by solving a certain system of linear equations over the two-element field $$\mathrm{GF}(2)$$ . For a general dense quartet set, i.e. a set containing at least one quartet on every four taxa, our $$O(n^6)$$ algorithm constructs a phylogenetic level-1 network consistent with the quartet set if such a network exists and returns an $$O(n^2)$$ -sized certificate of inconsistency otherwise. This answers a question raised by Gambette, Berry and Paul regarding the complexity of reconstructing a level-1 network from a dense quartet set, and more particularly regarding the complexity of constructing a cyclic ordering of taxa consistent with a dense quartet set.
A Nonlinear Stability Analysis of Vegetative Turing Pattern Formation for an Interaction–Diffusion Plant-Surface Water Model System in an Arid Flat Environment
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - - 2011
Bonni J. Kealy, David J. Wollkind
The development of spontaneous stationary vegetative patterns in an arid flat environment is investigated by means of a weakly nonlinear diffusive instability analysis applied to the appropriate model system for this phenomenon. In particular, that process can be modeled by a partial differential interaction–diffusion equation system for the plant biomass density and the surface water content defined on an unbounded flat spatial domain. The main results of this analysis can be represented by closed-form plots in the rate of precipitation versus the specific rate of plant density loss parameter space. From these plots, regions corresponding to bare ground and vegetative patterns consisting of parallel stripes, labyrinth-like mazes, hexagonal arrays of gaps, irregular mosaics, and homogeneous distributions of vegetation, respectively, may be identified in this parameter space. Then those theoretical predictions are compared with both relevant observational evidence involving tiger and pearled bush patterns and existing numerical simulations of similar model systems as well as placed in the context of the results from some recent nonlinear vegetative pattern formation studies.
Algorithms for the optimal identification of segment neighborhoods
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 51 - Trang 39-54 - 1989
Ivan E. Auger, Charles E. Lawrence
Mathematical Analysis of a Transformed ODE from a PDE Multiscale Model of Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 81 - Trang 1427-1441 - 2019
Kosaku Kitagawa, Toshikazu Kuniya, Shinji Nakaoka, Yusuke Asai, Koichi Watashi, Shingo Iwami
Mathematical modeling has revealed the quantitative dynamics during the process of viral infection and evolved into an important tool in modern virology. Coupled with analyses of clinical and experimental data, the widely used basic model of viral dynamics described by ordinary differential equations (ODEs) has been well parameterized. In recent years, age-structured models, called “multiscale model,” formulated by partial differential equations (PDEs) have also been developed and become useful tools for more detailed data analysis. However, in general, PDE models are considerably more difficult to subject to mathematical and numerical analyses. In our recently reported study, we successfully derived a mathematically identical ODE model from a PDE model, which helps to overcome the limitations of the PDE model with regard to clinical data analysis. Here, we derive the basic reproduction number from the identical ODE model and provide insight into the global stability of all possible steady states of the ODE model.
How Flow Speed Alters Competitive Outcome in Advective Environments
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 74 Số 12 - Trang 2935-2958 - 2012
Olga Vasilyeva, Frithjof Lutscher
Heat transfer in perfused biological tissue—I: General theory
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 36 - Trang 403-415 - 1974
H. G. Klinger
Green's function for heat and matter transport is calculated for an infinite medium in which a convection field v(r,t) makes a contribution to the total heat and matter current. It is given by a uniformly and absolutely convergent series in which every term is calculated from the preceding one merely by integration. The solution procedure is interpreted physically and illustrated by a simple problem in which v(r,t)=const. in space and time. Since the solution contains no intrinsic spatial symmetry, it can serve as a starting point for a theory of heat and mass transport in perfused biological tissue.
Các đóng góp cho lý thuyết tập hợp sinh vật: Lãnh đạo Dịch bởi AI
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 32 - Trang 391-401 - 1970
N. Rashevsky
Lý thuyết về các tập hợp sinh vật (Bull. Math. Biophysics, 31, 159–189, 1969) được áp dụng vào lý thuyết về lãnh đạo trong xã hội loài người. Khả năng đưa ra quyết định, cần thiết cho việc lãnh đạo, là sản phẩm của hoạt động của các tế bào vỏ não, những thành phần của tập con S02 trong tập hợp sinh vật "con người" (tham chiếu đã nêu). Sản phẩm của các hoạt động của các thành phần trong một tập hợp sinh vật không nhất thiết phải mang tính chất vật chất. Những thứ như suy nghĩ, cảm xúc, thái độ, v.v., cũng là sản phẩm của hoạt động a1 của các thành phần. Một cá nhân có thể đưa ra tất cả các quyết định cần thiết cho việc thích ứng trong môi trường thay đổi khi tập con S02 của hắn chứa một tập hợp đúng {a12′∼⊂S02 các hoạt động. Đã chỉ ra rằng những cá nhân như vậy là hiếm. Nếu không có cá nhân nào tồn tại, thì người nắm giữ một tập hợp {a12*∼⊂{a12′∼ có số lượng lớn hơn c m so với bất kỳ cá nhân nào khác, sẽ trở thành lãnh đạo. Khả năng được thảo luận rằng từ N cá nhân N′ 〈N, sẽ có những tập hợp {a12*∼⊂{a12′∼ cùng một số lượng c m nhưng khác nhau về loại thành phần, do đó dẫn đến nhiều người lãnh đạo. Sau đó, nội dung thảo luận tiếp theo là điều gì quyết định rằng trong số N − N′ cá nhân này sẽ chọn một cá nhân cụ thể N′ làm lãnh đạo. Sự hợp tác và cạnh tranh giữa các lãnh đạo cũng được thảo luận.
#lãnh đạo #tập hợp sinh vật #quyết định #vỏ não #hoạt động #thích ứng
On imitative behavior. II. Time course of change from one behavior to another
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 23 - Trang 405-411 - 1961
N. Rashevsky
The theory developed in previous papers and based on distribution curves of definite form is generalized to any form of unimodel distributions. The time course of the change from one behavior to another is discussed and a general theorem about the time course is established.
A Mathematical Framework for Predicting Lifestyles of Viral Pathogens
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 82 Số 5 - 2020
Alexander Lange
Abstract

Despite being similar in structure, functioning, and size, viral pathogens enjoy very different, usually well-defined ways of life. They occupy their hosts for a few days (influenza), for a few weeks (measles), or even lifelong (HCV), which manifests in acute or chronic infections. The various transmission routes (airborne, via direct physical contact, etc.), degrees of infectiousness (referring to the viral load required for transmission), antigenic variation/immune escape and virulence define further aspects of pathogenic lifestyles. To survive, pathogens must infect new hosts; the success determines their fitness. Infection happens with a certain likelihood during contact of hosts, where contact can also be mediated by vectors. Besides structural aspects of the host-contact network, three parameters appear to be key: the contact rate and the infectiousness during contact, which encode the mode of transmission, and third the immunity of susceptible hosts. On these grounds, what can be said about the reproductive success of viral pathogens? This is the biological question addressed in this paper. The answer extends earlier results of the author and makes explicit connection to another basic work on the evolution of pathogens. A mathematical framework is presented that models intra- and inter-host dynamics in a minimalistic but unified fashion covering a broad spectrum of viral pathogens, including those that cause flu-like infections, childhood diseases, and sexually transmitted infections. These pathogens turn out as local maxima of numerically simulated fitness landscapes. The models involve differential and integral equations, agent-based simulation, networks, and probability.

Contribution to the probabilistic theory of neural nets: IV. Various models for inhibition
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 12 Số 4 - Trang 327-337 - 1950
Anatol Rapoport
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