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Water vapor transmission properties of acrylic organic coatings
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 18 Số 2 - Trang 523-534 - 2021
Renátó Kovács, Lajos Daróczi, Péter Barkóczy, Eszter Baradács, Eszter Bakonyi, Szilvia Kovács, Zoltán Erdélyi
Abstract

In this work, we evaluate the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), the permeability (P), solubility (S), and diffusion (D) coefficients of Paraloid B44, Paraloid B72, and Incralac coatings in the temperature range of 5–35°C. The Arrhenius function—diffusion activation energy and preexponential factor—has also been determined from the data:$$D_{B44} = 35.2\;{\text{cm}}^{2} \;{\text{s}}^{ - 1} \exp \left( { - 25\;{\text{kJ mol}}^{ - 1} /{\text{RT}}} \right)$$DB44=35.2cm2s-1exp-25kJ mol-1/RT;$$D_{B72} = 9.5\;{\text{cm}}^{2} \;{\text{s}}^{ - 1} \exp \left( { - 23\;{\text{kJ mol}}^{ - 1} /{\text{RT}}} \right)$$DB72=9.5cm2s-1exp-23kJ mol-1/RT;$$D_{\text{Incralac}} = 622.8\;{\text{cm}}^{2} \;{\text{s}}^{ - 1} { \exp }\left( { - 28\;{\text{kJ mol}}^{ - 1} /{\text{RT}}} \right)$$DIncralac=622.8cm2s-1exp-28kJ mol-1/RT. These resins are important coating materials, for example, for conservators to protect metallic artifacts, such as statues, against corrosion. Despite Paraloid B44 and B72 resins being considered as reference materials in conservation practice, that is, new coating materials (either water vapor retarders or transmitters) are often compared to them, there are no comprehensive data for the quantities describing the vapor permeability (P, S, D) of these materials. The measurements are based on the ISO cup-method using substrate/coating composite samples. The strength of this technique is that it can also be used when the coating is non-self-supporting; nevertheless,P,S,andDcan be deduced for the coating layer itself, and it seems to be a standardizable procedure for comparative performance testing of coating materials. Paraloid B72 layers exhibited higher WVTRs—from 39 to 315 g m−2day−1as the temperature increased from 5 to 35°C—compared to Paraloid B44 and Incralac coatings—from 17 to 190 g m−2 day−1, respectively. The transmission rate parameters were also compared to the results of corrosion tests. Incralac was the most effective corrosion inhibitor, and the performance of the B44 was better than the B72, which is in good agreement with the transmission rate tests.

Enhancing exterior performance of clear coatings through photostabilization of wood. Part 2: coating and weathering performance
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - - 2008
Bernard S. W. Dawson, Adya P. Singh, Hank W. Kroese, Michael A. Schwitzer, Suzanne Gallagher, Stephen J. Riddiough, Shuhong Wu
Characterization of adhesion performance of topcoats and adhesion promoters on TPO substrates
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 2 - Trang 399-405 - 2005
Jonathan E. Lawniczak, Kevin A. Williams, Louis T. Germinario
Adhesion of organic coatings to thermoplastic olefin (TPO) substrates in automotive applications has been an issue for makers of automotive parts since TPO was first used in exterior applications, primarily fascia. A widely used technique for assuring paint adhesion to TPO is the use of adhesion promoter primers based on chlorimated polypropylenes (CPO). Much research has been focused on understanding the forces involved at the interfaces of substrate, adhesion promoter, and topcoats resulting in the adhesion or the loss of adhesion in various environmental conditions. This study correlates the adhesion performance of CPO and nonchlorinated adhesion promoters (NCPO) as measured by peel strength with properties observed through microscopy techniques. Adhesion performance of CPOs, NCPOs, and blends are quantified through the use of 90° and 180° peel strength studies. Surface characteristics of adhesion promoters applied over a TPO substrate and cured at various temperatures are examined through the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Elucidation of polyurethane dispersions in a batch rotor-stator mixer
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - - 2004
Supathorn Phongikaroon, Richard V. Calabrese, Keith Carpenter
A brief review of environmentally benign antifouling and foul-release coatings for marine applications
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 10 - Trang 29-36 - 2012
Pascal Buskens, Mariëlle Wouters, Corné Rentrop, Zeger Vroon
Antifouling coatings for ship hulls are a very important topic in coating research. They are essential with respect to fuel consumption of ships: without antifouling coating, biological species start to adhere to the ship’s exterior, leading to a gradual increase in fuel consumption. To date, the working principle of most of the paint systems applied is based on slow release of toxins in time (self-polishing coatings). In this article, we discuss the environmental impact of marine antifouling coatings based on quantitative data available from literature. In addition, we critically review hydrophilic antifouling and hydrophobic foul-release coatings as toxin-free alternatives and discuss their potential for replacing self-polishing coatings.
Hindered amine light stabilizers in pigmented coatings
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 6 - Trang 81-88 - 2008
Christian Schaller, Daniel Rogez, Adalbert Braig
It is common practice to combine hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) with UV absorbers (UVA) for optimal protection of coatings and plastics. The ratio of UVA and HALS strongly depends on the concentration of pigments (acting as UVA) used in the paint; that is, a clearcoatings require higher amounts of UVA, whereas opaque pigmented coatings require higher amounts of HALS. Here, especially basic HALS types can interfere with paint components like, for example, pigments due to acid/base interactions. In this article, we want to discuss the influence of HALS basicity on long-term performance in opaque white pigmented solventborne (SB) and waterborne (WB) coatings for industrial applications in correlation to the quality of the used TiO2.
High-resolution X-ray imaging and analysis of coatings on and in wood
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 7 - Trang 271-277 - 2009
Jan Van den Bulcke, Matthieu Boone, Joris Van Acker, Luc Van Hoorebeke
Wood coatings are widely used for aesthetic and protective reasons. Assessment of coating performance during service life is crucial in order to establish a knowledge database for product optimization. A vast amount of techniques is available for analysis of a coating’s behavior of which microimaging is an important tool. In addition to standard microscopy techniques, high-resolution X-ray tomography is presented as a modality offering nondestructive visualization of a coating and the substrate on which it is applied. Combined with analysis of the 3D volumetric data, surface roughness, structure and thickness of the coating layer, penetration depth and related mechanical anchoring can be studied in relation with the underlying substrate. To provide a clear illustration of the possibilities and limitations of this technique, both an opaque solventborne and an opaque waterborne coating applied on two different wood types were scanned and analyzed. Clearly, three-dimensional X-ray imaging at high resolution produces valuable information merely by visualization. Moreover, by proper analysis, quantitative data are obtained taking into account the limitations of X-ray computed tomography and of automated image processing.
Parallel measurements and engineering simulations of conversion, shear modulus, and internal stress during ambient curing of a two-component epoxy coating
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 19 - Trang 1331-1343 - 2022
Qiong Li, Claus Erik Weinell, Søren Kiil
Macroscopic crack initiation and propagation, as a result of internal stress, poses a threat to the performance of protective coatings. In demanding environments, such as corner geometries and saltwater exposure, the cracks may accelerate substrate corrosion and potentially lead to collapse of infrastructure. The present work is focused on the underlying mechanisms of curing-induced internal stress and investigates the dynamics of the parallel processes of crosslinking reactions and evolution of mechanical properties for a solvent and pigment-free epoxy resin cured with a diamine hardener. Experimental techniques, applied at room temperature and constant relative humidity, include attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, advanced rheometry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and a beam deflection device. When taking post-vitrification mobility control into account, the reaction kinetics behind the crosslinking and network development could be simulated with a modified Kamal–Sourour model. In addition, engineering models for simulation of coating modulus, volumetric shrinkage, and internal stress as a function of conversion were proposed and found to be in good agreement with experimental data. This allowed, by comparing the magnitudes of the modulus and the internal stress, for evaluation of whether premature cracks are expected to initiate. Furthermore, we show that the curing-induced internal stress development is strongly influenced by the current coating elastic modulus and film thickness, highlighting the effect of coating property transients. The experimental techniques and engineering modeling tools collected can be used to evaluate, without demanding computational complexities, the simultaneous development of coating modulus and curing-induced internal stress.
Structure, properties and corrosion resistivity of polymeric nanocomposite coatings based on layered silicates
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 5 - Trang 241-249 - 2008
Davood Zaarei, Ali Asghar Sarabi, Farhad Sharif, Seid Mahmood Kassiriha
This paper reviews the recent research and development of polymeric nanocomposite coatings based on layered silicates. In the past few decades, extensive research activities have been conducted on clay minerals due to their unique layered structure, rich intercalation chemistry and availability at low cost, environmental stability, and good processability. One of the most important categories of layered silicates is nanoclays. The nanoclay is considered as reinforcement for polymers in the manufacture of low-cost, lightweight and high performance nanocomposite coatings. In this paper, we try to introduce the structure, properties, and surface modification of clay minerals. Different properties of polymer clay nanocomposite coatings consisting of different polymers are also reviewed. These coatings may consist of conductive and nonconductive polymers. The corrosion resistance of each type is discussed separately. Some novel properties can be observed from the interaction of two dissimilar chemical components at the molecular level that posses enhancements in corrosion inhibition on metallic substrates. Finally, the prospective problems of industrial usage of these materials are mentioned.
Optimizing the benefits of TiO2 in paints
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 17 - Trang 1-17 - 2019
M. P. Diebold
TiO2 is found virtually in every coatings lab and manufacturing site around the world and is used in almost all paints. The primary role of TiO2 is to provide brightness and opacity, with a secondary role in many exterior paints of improving durability. The effectiveness of TiO2 as a brightener or opacifier is greatly affected by the specifics of the paint formulation and by the paint making process. This sensitivity can be understood in terms of the physics that govern light scattering. As for improving paint durability, TiO2 is an excellent UV light absorber and protects underlying resin from harmful UV radiation. However, this benefit can be offset by the formation of radicals at the TiO2/resin interface. This paper will focus on the formulation factors that affect the light scattering efficiency and the durability performance of TiO2 and techniques to optimize these properties.
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