Silicon

The nanotechnology is an integration to control the level of nanosize in construction materials and architectural developments. Nanotechnology is innovative technology for various applications such as building and construction materials and architecture. This technology has a important role in scientific development. The nano architecture have provided new ways to new smart buildings using new nanomaterials such nano metal oxide and carbon materials. In present study, it is focused in how to improve the mechanical properties of Portland cement based concrete with nanomaterials such as nanosilica and graphene for buildings applications. The addition of these nanomaterials to concrete mixes will give the better mechanical properties and resistant for nanohouse applications. The some studies based laboratory indicate that the strengths of the concrete is improved with nano-SiO2 properties. The compression strengths of the Portland cement is increased up to 18%. It is suggested that the nanomaterials based coating materials are better than the conventional coatings. The coating materials having self-cleaning properties can be prepared using various metal oxides such as TiO2 nanomaterials. The titanium oxide coating has the photocatalytical properties as well as an antimicrobial effect. In present study, it is clarified the new trends Nano architecture on the basis of nanomaterials. This technology will be a very good alternatives to save Money. Therefore, studying how to use smart and functional materials based nanomaterials in construction styles is increasing by scientists all over the World day by day.

We demonstrate a process for realising mesoporous silicon from a range of land-based plants such as common grasses, bamboos, sugarcane and rice. Such plants act as “natural factories”, converting and concentrating vast quantities of soluble silicon in soil into nanostructured forms of silica in their roots, stems, branches or leaves. This porous biogenic silica is chemically extracted and then thermally reduced to porous silicon using magnesium vapor. Importantly, for larger batch size, an inexpensive thermal moderator such as salt, is added for control of the reaction exotherm and minimization of sintering. Mesoporous silicon of >350 m2/g with 8 nm wide pores has been obtained from a bamboo extract, for example. The same process is applicable to a wide range of “silicon accumulator plants”. The purity of this “naturally derived” porous silicon is likely to be raised to a level acceptable for a wide range of high volume applications outside of electronics and solar cell technology.

The crystallization characteristics of the glasses based on the Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2 system have been investigated. The base glass composition was modified by partial replacement of GeO2 for SiO2 and In2O3 for Al2O3. The effect of the compositional variation on the crystallization products of the glasses and the type of the solid solution (ss) phases formed as well as the resulting microstructure were traced by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A decrease in the endothermic and exothermic temperatures was detected by the replacement processes. β -spodumene ss, β -eucryptite ss, lithium meta- and di-silicate, lithium aluminum germanate and two forms of indium-containing phases (LiInSi2O6 & In2Si2O7 phases) were mostly developed in the crystallized glasses. The objective of the present work is to understand the role of the glass oxide constituents in determining the type of the crystalline phases formed, their solid solution formed and the microstructure of the resultant glass-ceramic materials.

The 1% Na2CO3 method used for measuring amorphous silicon (ASi) in soils was initially developed by DeMaster (1981) for measuring biogenic silica in marine sediments. Although this method is widely used for quantifying ASi content in soil, it has a few limitations which requires specific attention in case of the digestion period. In this study, we quantified the ASi content by optimizing the extraction of ASi from tropical soils collected from an intensively cultivated area with rice and sugarcane by using the 1% Na2CO3 method. The results of batch experiments suggested that a 3 to 5 hour digestion period as recommended by DeMaster (1981) is not sufficient for ASi determination in tropical soils. Hence, we recommended that the same method can be adopted for tropical soils with a modified digestion period of up to 3 to 6 hour instead of 3 to 5 hour. The results revealed that ASi content varied from 0.62 to 2.94 and 0.60 to 3.77 g kg−1 in rice and sugarcane soil, respectively. We also focused on the effect of vegetation on ASi content in the soil and observed that ASi content was higher in southern transition zone and coastal zone soils of sugarcane than rice, which indicates extent of recycling of crop residues mainly influence ASi content of soils. Our results also reflected that clay can act as a major source of ASi content in rice and sugarcane soils.

This work presents a simulation study of the influence of temperature on the performance of dual material gate (DMG) vertical super-thin body (VSTB) FET. The introduction of DMG causes a drop in the off-state current (Ioff) by ~99.18% and DIBL by 20%. Drop in the Ioff enhances the on-to-off current ratio (Ion/Ioff) by ~98.85%. A rigorous investigation on temperature dependency of DC, analog/RF, and linearity metrics was carried out. The zero temperature coefficient (ZTC) bias point for the DMG device was observed to be nearly at a gate bias of VG = 0.41 V. Various DC figures of merit (FoM) such as subthreshold swing (SS), Ion/Ioff, and threshold voltage (VT) show improvement with temperature fall. Lowering in temperature also leads to enhanced analog/RF performance by offering superior gm, gd, Cgg, Cgd, maximum fT, maximum GBP, intrinsic delay, TGF, TFP, GFP, and GTFP. However, linearity metrics like gm2, gm3, VIP2, VIP3, IIP3, IMD3, and 1-dB compression point show better performance with an increase in temperature.

Among the myriad of abiotic stresses, drought is a prominent stress that harms plant growth, development, crop yield, and quality. Nowadays, the ideas of sustainable agriculture have focused on the introduction of biologically synthesized nanomaterials to maximize crop yield with the least amount of potential toxic effects. The application of nanoparticles is thought to be one of the most effective and promising methods for reducing the consequences of drought stress on crops. The Si nanoparticles were characterized in detail and four different concentrations of Si NPs (30 ppm, 60 ppm, 90 ppm, and 120 ppm) were used for the study at two irrigation regimes with 100% soil moisture content (SMC) under well-watered and 50% SMC under drought stress conditions. Substantial improvement in almost all physiological parameters was observed after foliar application of Si NPs at all concentrations, but 60 ppm concentration was found to be the most effective in improving overall plant resistance to drought stress. This was evident by lowered hydrogen peroxidase (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) content and increased relative water content (RWC), antioxidant enzyme activities (APOX, CAT, and SOD), chlorophyll content, and proline content. A total of 5 stress-related genes (DREB2, MYB33 MYB3R, WRKY 19, and SnRK 2.4) were studied, which were found to be upregulated after application of Si NPs, indicating its stimulatory role even at molecular levels. Our detailed investigational study and findings will open a pragmatic option in research studies related to usage of nanoparticles in mitigating of drought tolerance of wheat. The study can definitely be used a reference for future work in diverse crops, where production is being drastically compromised due to climate change, particularly water deficiency. Illustrating role of Si NPs in drought stress mitigation (created in BioRender.com)

Monolithic inorganic-organic hybrid materials have been synthesized via sol-gel processing of an ethylene glycol-modified ethane-bridged silane precursor in aqueous solution of the non-ionic block copolymer Pluronic™ P123. The influence of different sol compositions on the final gel structure was investigated in detail. The resulting materials consist of macroporous networks comprising periodically arranged mesopores, where the macropore size as well as the morphology of the material can be deliberately tailored by reducing the amount of the block copolymer template. The structure was investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Information on the porosity, surface area and pore size distribution were obtained from BET/BJH analysis and mercury intrusion measurements. For a more detailed insight into mechanism and kinetics of the mesostructure formation, in-situ SAXS experiments were carried out.

In this work, TCAD based investigation of various Circular double gate MOSFET (CDGT) architectures have been carried for Low-Power(LP) & High- Performance (HP) applications at 10 nm gate length. Among all architectures, the optimum performance of CDGT is obtained by implementing both underlap & high – k dielectric material used as a gate stack. The hafnium -based CDGT architecture with 2 nm of underlap length provides good electrical properties, with an ION/IOFF ratio of ~1.55 × 107, a near-ideal subthreshold slope of ~66 mV/dec, and a reduced drain – induced barrier lowering of ~56 mV/V.