AbstractThe growing availability of mobile technologies has contributed to an
increase in mobile-assisted language learning in which learners can autonomously
study a second language (L2) anytime or anywhere (e.g. Kukulska-Hulme, Lee &
Norris, 2017; Reinders & Benson, 2017). Research investigating the effectiveness
of such study for L2 learning, however, has been limited, especially regarding
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