This article offers objectification theory as a framework for understanding the
experiential consequences of being female in a culture that sexually objectifies
the female body. Objectification theory posits that girls and women are
typically acculturated to internalize an observer's perspective as a primary
view of their physical selves. This perspective on self can lead to habitual
body monitori... hiện toàn bộ
Using feminist theory about the social construction of the female body, a scale
was developed and validated to measure objectified body consciousness (OBC) in
young women ( N = 502) and middle-aged women ( N = 151). Scales used were (a)
surveillance (viewing the body as an outside observer), (b) body shame (feeling
shame when the body does not conform), and (c) appearance control beliefs. The
thre... hiện toàn bộ
This article presents a four-category framework to characterize the contents of
prescriptive gender stereotypes. The framework distinguishes between
prescriptions and proscriptions that are intensified by virtue of one's gender,
and those that are relaxed by virtue of one's gender. Two studies examined the
utility of this framework for characterizing prescriptive gender stereotypes in
American soc... hiện toàn bộ
Theories of sexual aggression and victimization have increasingly emphasized the
role of rape myths in the perpetuation of sexual assault. Rape myths are
attitudes and generally false beliefs about rape that are widely and
persistently held, and that serve to deny and justify male sexual aggression
against women. Acceptance of such myths has been assessed with a number of
measures, and investigato... hiện toàn bộ
Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) proposed objectification theory as an integrative
framework for understanding how women's socialization and experiences of sexual
objectification are translated into mental health problems. This article reviews
the past decade of research grounded in objectification theory and highlights
needed directions for future scholarship in this area. Specifically, this
articl... hiện toàn bộ
This study tests a mediational model of disordered eating derived from
objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). The model proposes that
the emotion of body shame mediates the relationship between self-objectification
and disordered eating. Two samples of undergraduate women ( n = 93, n = 111)
completed self-report questionnaires assessing self-objectification, body shame,
anorexic and... hiện toàn bộ
In the United States, women are increasingly praised for having excellent skills
for leadership and, in fact, women, more than men, manifest leadership styles
associated with effective performance as leaders. Nevertheless, more people
prefer male than female bosses, and it is more difficult for women than men to
become leaders and to succeed in male-dominated leadership roles. This mix of
apparent... hiện toàn bộ
Despite a large body of literature addressing relationship quality and domestic
violence in women's same-sex relationships, few studies have empirically
examined how stress specific to living as a lesbian or bisexual woman might
correlate with these relationship variables. Degree of outness, internalized
homophobia, lifetime and recent experiences of discrimination, butch/femme
identity, relations... hiện toàn bộ
The Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) is routinely used as a general measure of
sexism. In this article, it is argued that the AWS (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp,
1973) actually measures overt or blatant sexism (harmful and unequal treatment
of women that is intentional, visible, and unambiguous), whereas the Modern
Sexism Scale (MS) measures covert or subtle forms of sexism (sexism that is
either h... hiện toàn bộ
This study extends the research on objectification theory by examining the
effect of anticipating a male or female gaze on appearance-related concerns in
105 female undergraduates. Gaze anticipation was manipulated by having
participants believe they would be interacting with a man or woman before
completing several self-report measures. Results demonstrated that anticipating
a male gaze produced ... hiện toàn bộ