Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

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Alkaline air: changing perspectives on nitrogen and air pollution in an ammonia-rich world
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences - Tập 378 Số 2183 - Trang 20190315 - 2020
Mark A. Sutton, Netty van Dijk, Peter Levy, Matthew R. Jones, Ian D. Leith, Lucy J. Sheppard, Sarah R. Leeson, Y. Sim Tang, Amy Stephens, Christine F. Braban, U. Dragosits, Clare Howard, Massimo Vieno, D. Fowler, Paul Corbett, Mohd Irfan Naikoo, Silvana Munzi, Christopher J. Ellis, Sudipto Chatterjee, Claudia Steadman, Andrea Móring, P. A. Wolseley
Ammonia and ammonium have received less attention than other forms of air pollution, with limited progress in controlling emissions at UK, European and global scales. By contrast, these compounds have been of significant past interest to science and society, the recollection of which can inform future strategies. Sal ammoniac ( nūshādir ...... hiện toàn bộ
A chronology of global air quality
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences - Tập 378 Số 2183 - Trang 20190314 - 2020
D. Fowler, Peter Brimblecombe, J. P. Burrows, Mathew R. Heal, Peringe Grennfelt, D. S. Stevenson, Alan Jowett, Eiko Nemitz, Mhairi Coyle, Xuejun Liu, Yunhua Chang, Gary W. Fuller, Mark A. Sutton, Zbigniew Klimont, M. H. Unsworth, Massimo Vieno
Air pollution has been recognized as a threat to human health since the time of Hippocrates,ca400 BC. Successive written accounts of air pollution occur in different countries through the following two millennia until measurements, from the eighteenth century onwards, show the growing scale of poor air quality in urban centres and close to industry, and the chemi...... hiện toàn bộ
The role of self-organization during confined comminution of granular materials
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences - Tập 368 Số 1910 - Trang 231-247 - 2010
Oded Ben-Nun, Itai Einav
During confined comminution of granular materials a power-law grain size distribution (gsd) frequently evolves. We consider this power law as a hint for fractal topology if self-similar patterns appear across the scales. We demonstrate that this ultimate topology is mostly affected by the rules that define the self-organization of the fragment subunits, which agrees well with observations ...... hiện toàn bộ
Ultra-precision: enabling our future
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences - Tập 370 Số 1973 - Trang 3993-4014 - 2012
Paul Shore, Paul Morantz
This paper provides a perspective on the development of ultra-precision technologies: What drove their evolution and what do they now promise for the future as we face the consequences of consumption of the Earth’s finite resources? Improved application of measurement is introduced as a major enabler of mass production, and its resultant impact on wealth generation is considered. This pape...... hiện toàn bộ
Independent component analysis: recent advances
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences - Tập 371 Số 1984 - Trang 20110534 - 2013
Aapo Hyvärinen
Independent component analysis is a probabilistic method for learning a linear transform of a random vector. The goal is to find components that are maximally independent and non-Gaussian (non-normal). Its fundamental difference to classical multi-variate statistical methods is in the assumption of non-Gaussianity, which enables the identification of original, underlying components, in con...... hiện toàn bộ
Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences - Tập 374 Số 2065 - Trang 20150202 - 2016
Ian T. Jolliffe, Jorge Cadima
Large datasets are increasingly common and are often difficult to interpret. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a technique for reducing the dimensionality of such datasets, increasing interpretability but at the same time minimizing information loss. It does so by creating new uncorrelated variables that successively maximize variance. Finding such new variables, the princ...... hiện toàn bộ
Aircraft icing
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences - Tập 358 Số 1776 - Trang 2873-2911 - 2000
Roger Gent, N. P. Dart, J. T. Cansdale
Folding in power-law viscous multi-layers
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences - Tập 370 Số 1965 - Trang 1798-1826 - 2012
Stefan M. Schmalholz, Daniel W. Schmid
We study high-amplitude folding in layered rocks with two-dimensional numerical simulations. We employ the finite-element method to model shortening of an incompressible multi-layer with power-law viscous rheology. The Lagrangian numerical mesh is deformed and re-meshed to accurately follow the layer interfaces. Three settings are considered: (i) pure shearing of a confined multi-layer, (i...... hiện toàn bộ
Electronic, thermal and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences - Tập 362 Số 1823 - Trang 2065-2098 - 2004
M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, Jean‐Christophe Charlier, E. Hernández
Relationships between rational extended thermodynamics and extended irreversible thermodynamics
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences - Tập 378 Số 2170 - Trang 20190172 - 2020
David Jou
We consider a few conceptual questions on extended thermodynamics, with the aim to contribute to a higher contact between rational extended thermodynamics and extended irreversible thermodynamics. Both theories take a number of fluxes as independent variables, but they differ in the formalism being used to deal with the exploitation of the second principle (rational thermodynamics in the f...... hiện toàn bộ
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