A chronology of global air quality

D. Fowler1, Peter Brimblecombe2, J. P. Burrows3, Mathew R. Heal4, Peringe Grennfelt5, D. S. Stevenson6, Alan Jowett7, Eiko Nemitz1, Mhairi Coyle1, Xuejun Liu8, Yunhua Chang9, Gary W. Fuller10, Mark A. Sutton1, Zbigniew Klimont11, M. H. Unsworth12, Massimo Vieno1
1Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
2School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
3Faculty of Physics and Electrical Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
4School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
5IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
6School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
7The Boundary, Goodley Stock Road Crockham Hill, Kent, UK
8Environmental Science and Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
9Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
10Imperial College London, London, UK
11International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
12Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

Tóm tắt

Air pollution has been recognized as a threat to human health since the time of Hippocrates,ca400 BC. Successive written accounts of air pollution occur in different countries through the following two millennia until measurements, from the eighteenth century onwards, show the growing scale of poor air quality in urban centres and close to industry, and the chemical characteristics of the gases and particulate matter. The industrial revolution accelerated both the magnitude of emissions of the primary pollutants and the geographical spread of contributing countries as highly polluted cities became the defining issue, culminating with the great smog of London in 1952. Europe and North America dominated emissions and suffered the majority of adverse effects until the latter decades of the twentieth century, by which time the transboundary issues of acid rain, forest decline and ground-level ozone became the main environmental and political air quality issues. As controls on emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SO2and NOx) began to take effect in Europe and North America, emissions in East and South Asia grew strongly and dominated global emissions by the early years of the twenty-first century. The effects of air quality on human health had also returned to the top of the priorities by 2000 as new epidemiological evidence emerged. By this time, extensive networks of surface measurements and satellite remote sensing provided global measurements of both primary and secondary pollutants. Global emissions of SO2and NOxpeaked, respectively, inca1990 and 2018 and have since declined to 2020 as a result of widespread emission controls. By contrast, with a lack of actions to abate ammonia, global emissions have continued to grow.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Air quality, past present and future’.

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