Ilia Elenkov, Domenic G. Iezzoni, Adrian Daly, Alan G. Harris, George P. Chrousos
Cytokines mediate and control immune and inflammatory responses. Complex interactions exist between cytokines, inflammation and the adaptive responses in maintaining <i>homeostasis</i>, health, and well-being. Like the stress response, the inflammatory reaction is crucial for survival and is meant to be tailored to the stimulus and time. A full-fledged systemic inflammatory rea...... hiện toàn bộ
Glucocorticoids are essential steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal gland in response to stress. Since their discovery in the 1940s, glucocorticoids have been widely prescribed to treat inflammatory disorders and hematological cancers. In the traditional view, glucocorticoids are regarded as anti-inflammatory molecules; however, emerging evidence suggests that glucocorticoid actions a...... hiện toàn bộ
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis and enable the organism to prepare for, respond to and manage stress, either physical or emotional. Cortisol, the principal GC in humans, is synthesized in the adrenal cortex. It is released in the circulation in a pulsatile and circadian pattern. GC secretion is governed by hypothalamus and pituitary. The hypothalamus ...... hiện toàn bộ
Accumulating evidence during the last decade has shown that the CNS can mount a well-defined inflammatory reaction to a variety of insults including trauma, ischemia, transplantation, viral infections as well as neurodegeneration. Many aspects of this centrally derived inflammatory response parallel to some extent the nature of such a reaction in the periphery. Through the recent applicati...... hiện toàn bộ
<i>Objectives:</i> The DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor ĸB (NFĸB) is elevated in brain of aged mice, resulting in elevated levels of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6. The purpose of this study was to determine if in the brain of aged mice a decrease in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 contributes to the increase in IL-6. <i>Methods:</i> In init...... hiện toàn bộ
Rita Ostan, L. Bucci, Miriam Capri, Stefano Salvioli, Maria Scurti, Elena Pini, Daniela Monti, Claudio Franceschi
At present, individuals can live up to 80–120 years, a time much longer than that of our ancestors, as a consequence of the improvements in life conditions and medical care. Thus, the human immune system has to cope with a lifelong and evolutionarily unpredicted exposure to a variety of antigens, which are at the basis of profound age-related changes globally indicated as immunosenescence,...... hiện toàn bộ