Resting developments: a review of fMRI post-processing methodologies for spontaneous brain activity - 2010
Daniel S. Margulies, Joachim Böttger, Xiangyu Long, Yating Lv, Clare Kelly, Alexander Schäfer, Dirk Goldhahn, Alexander Abbushi, Michael P. Milham, Gabriele Lohmann, Arno Villringer
Consensus-based technical recommendations for clinical translation of renal ASL MRI - 2020
Fábio Nery, Charlotte Buchanan, Anita A. Harteveld, Aghogho Odudu, Octavia Bane, Eleanor Cox, Katja Derlin, H. Michael Gach, Xavier Golay, Marcel Gutberlet, Christoffer Laustsen, Alexandra Ljimani, Ananth J. Madhuranthakam, Iván Pedrosa, Pottumarthi V. Prasad, Philip M. Robson, Kanishka Sharma, Steven Sourbron, Manuel Taso, David L. Thomas, Danny J.J. Wang, Jeff L. Zhang, David C. Alsop, Sean B. Fain, Susan T. Francis, María A. Fernández‐Seara
AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed at developing technical recommendations for the acquisition, processing and analysis of renal ASL data in the human kidney at 1.5 T and 3 T field strengths that can promote standardization of renal perfusion measurements and facilitate the comparability of results across scanners and in multi-centre clinical studies.MethodsAn international panel of 23 renal ASL experts followed a modified Delphi process, including on-line surveys and two in-person meetings, to formulate a series of consensus statements regarding patient preparation, hardware, acquisition protocol, analysis steps and data reporting.ResultsFifty-nine statements achieved consensus, while agreement could not be reached on two statements related to patient preparation. As a default protocol, the panel recommends pseudo-continuous (PCASL) or flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) labelling with a single-slice spin-echo EPI readout with background suppression and a simple but robust quantification model.DiscussionThis approach is considered robust and reproducible and can provide renal perfusion images of adequate quality and SNR for most applications. If extended kidney coverage is desirable, a 2D multislice readout is recommended. These recommendations are based on current available evidence and expert opinion. Nonetheless they are expected to be updated as more data become available, since the renal ASL literature is rapidly expanding.