A spatial theory of the comparative consequences of unified and divided
government clarifies the relationship between institutions, partisanship and
gridlock. Under formally specified conditions, executive and legislative
institutions are shown to inhibit but not prohibit the convergence of public
policies to those most preferred by the legislative median voter. Extensions
illustrate the theoretic... hiện toàn bộ
In any society characterized by diversity and specialization, each citizen - the
butcher, the baker, the candlestick-maker - is a special interest on some
dimensions of public policy and a member of the general public on many other
dimensions. Each citizen enjoys being at the receiving end of special interest
handouts even at the expense of inefficiencies imposed on general public. But
relative to... hiện toàn bộ
A common mental model sees lobbies pushing policy in a certain direction from
the status quo with a certain force, the outcome being a function of how hard
lobbies push and in what direction, according to the `parallelogram of political
forces' at work. When this model is formalized and lobbies are seen as playing a
game in which they are attempting to maximize their payoffs, net of lobbying
costs... hiện toàn bộ