Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

Công bố khoa học tiêu biểu

* Dữ liệu chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo

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Định lượng tuyệt đối mRNA sử dụng xét nghiệm phản ứng chuỗi polymerase phiên mã ngược thời gian thực Dịch bởi AI
Journal of Molecular Endocrinology - Tập 25 Số 2 - Trang 169-193 - 2000
Stephen A. Bustin

Phản ứng chuỗi polymerase phiên mã ngược (RT-PCR) là phương pháp nhạy nhất để phát hiện mRNA với số lượng thấp, thường thu được từ các mẫu mô hạn chế. Tuy nhiên, đây là một kỹ thuật phức tạp, có nhiều vấn đề đáng kể liên quan đến độ nhạy, tính tái sản xuất và tính đặc hiệu của nó, và với tư cách là một phương pháp định lượng, nó gặp phải những vấn đề vốn có trong PCR. Sự ra đời gần đây của các quy trình RT-PCR động học dựa trên huỳnh quang đã đơn giản hóa đáng kể quá trình tạo ra sự định lượng mRNA tái sản xuất và hứa hẹn sẽ khắc phục những hạn chế này. Tuy nhiên, việc áp dụng thành công của chúng phụ thuộc vào sự hiểu biết rõ ràng về các vấn đề thực tiễn, và thiết kế thí nghiệm, ứng dụng và xác thực cẩn thận vẫn là điều cần thiết để đo lường định lượng chính xác sự phiên mã. Bài đánh giá này thảo luận về các khía cạnh kỹ thuật liên quan, tương phản giữa các phương pháp RT-PCR thông thường và động học trong việc định lượng biểu hiện gen và so sánh các hệ thống RT-PCR động học khác nhau. Nó minh họa sự hữu ích của những xét nghiệm này bằng cách chứng minh sự khác biệt đáng kể về mức độ phiên mã giữa các cá thể trong họ gen housekeeping, dehydrogenase glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAPDH).

#RT-PCR #định lượng mRNA #phiên mã #gen housekeeping #động học
Định lượng mRNA bằng phương pháp PCR Ngược Dòng Thời gian Thực: xu hướng và vấn đề Dịch bởi AI
Journal of Molecular Endocrinology - Tập 29 Số 1 - Trang 23-39 - 2002
Stephen A. Bustin

Phương pháp PCR Ngược Dòng Thời gian Thực dựa trên huỳnh quang (RT-PCR) được sử dụng rộng rãi để định lượng mức mRNA ở trạng thái ổn định và là một công cụ quan trọng cho nghiên cứu cơ bản, y học phân tử và công nghệ sinh học. Các thử nghiệm dễ tiến hành, có khả năng xử lý khối lượng lớn, và có thể kết hợp độ nhạy cao với độ đặc hiệu đáng tin cậy. Công nghệ này đang tiến hóa nhanh chóng với sự xuất hiện của các enzym, hóa chất và thiết bị mới. Tuy nhiên, mặc dù RT-PCR thời gian thực đã giải quyết nhiều khó khăn vốn có trong RT-PCR thông thường, nó đã trở nên ngày càng rõ ràng rằng nó tạo ra những vấn đề mới cần giải quyết cấp thiết. Do đó, bên cạnh việc cung cấp bức tranh tổng thể về công nghệ RT-PCR thời gian thực, bài đánh giá này còn có mục tiêu bổ sung: sẽ mô tả và thảo luận cụ thể một số vấn đề liên quan đến việc giải thích các kết quả có tính chất số học và dễ dàng phân tích thống kê, nhưng độ chính xác của chúng bị ảnh hưởng đáng kể bởi sự biến đổi của hóa chất và người điều hành.

#PCR ngược dòng thời gian thực #định lượng mRNA #huỳnh quang #nghiêm ngặt #thống kê #y học phân tử #công nghệ sinh học #biến đổi hóa chất #xu hướng #vấn đề
PKC and ERK mediate GH-stimulated lipolysis
Journal of Molecular Endocrinology - Tập 51 Số 2 - Trang 213-224 - 2013
Heather E. Bergan, Jeffrey D. Kittilson, Mark A. Sheridan

GH regulates several physiological processes in vertebrates, including the promotion of growth, an anabolic process, and the mobilization of stored lipids, a catabolic process. In this study, we used hepatocytes isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model to examine the mechanism of GH action on lipolysis. GH stimulated lipolysis as measured by increased glycerol release in both a time- and a concentration-related manner. The promotion of lipolysis was accompanied by GH-stimulated phosphorylation of the lipolytic enzyme hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). GH-stimulated lipolysis was also manifested by an increased expression of the two HSL-encoding mRNAs, HSL1 and HSL2. The signaling pathways that underlie GH-stimulated lipolysis were also studied. GH resulted in the activation of phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC) and the MEK/ERK pathway, whereas JAK–STAT and the PI3K–Akt pathway were deactivated. The blockade of PLC/PKC and the MEK/ERK pathway inhibited GH-stimulated lipolysis and GH-stimulated phosphorylation of HSL as well as GH-stimulated HSL mRNA expression, whereas the blockade of JAK–STAT or the PI3K–Akt pathway had no effect on the activation of lipolysis or the expression of HSL stimulated by GH. These results indicate that GH promotes lipolysis by activating HSL and by enhancing the de novo expression of HSL mRNAs via the activation of PKC and ERK. These findings also suggest molecular mechanisms for activating the lipid catabolic actions of GH while simultaneously deactivating anabolic processes such as antilipolysis and the growth-promoting actions of GH.

The co-existence of two growth hormone receptors in teleost fish and their differential signal transduction, tissue distribution and hormonal regulation of expression in seabream
Journal of Molecular Endocrinology - Tập 36 Số 1 - Trang 23-40 - 2006
Baowei Jiao, Xigui Huang, Chi Bun Chan, Li Zhang, Deshou Wang, Christopher H.K. Cheng

Two genomic contigs of putative growth hormone receptors (GHRs) were identified in fugu and zebrafish genomes by in silico analysis, suggesting the presence of two GHR subtypes in a single teleost species. We have tested this hypothesis by cloning the full-length cDNA sequence of a second GHR subtype from the black seabream in which the first GHR subtype had been previously reported by us. In addition, we had also cloned the sequences of both GHR subtypes from two other fish species, namely the Southern catfish and the Nile tilapia. Phylogenetic analysis of known GHR sequences from various vertebrates revealed that fish GHRs cluster into two distinct clades, viz. GHR1 and GHR2. One clade (GHR1), containing 6 to 7 extracellular cysteine residues, is structurally more akin to the non-teleost GHRs. The other clade (GHR2), containing only 4 to 5 extracellular cysteine residues, is unique to teleosts and is structurally more divergent from the non-teleost GHRs. In addition, we had examined the biological activities of both GHR subtypes from seabream using a number of reporter transcription assays in cultured eukaryotic cells and demonstrated that both of them were able to activate the Spi 2.1 and β-casein promoters upon receptor stimulation in a ligand specific manner. In contrast, only GHR1 but not GHR2 in seabream could trigger the c-fos promoter activity, indicating that the two GHR subtypes possess some differences in their signal transduction mechanisms. Also, the expression of GHR2 is significantly higher than GHR1 in many tissues of the seabream including the gonad, kidney, muscle, pituitary and spleen. In vivo hormone treatment data indicated that cortisol upregulated hepatic GHR1 expression in seabream but not GHR2, whereas testosterone decreased hepatic GHR2 expression but not GHR1. On the other hand, hepatic expression of both GHR1 and GHR2 in seabream was decreased by estradiol treatment.

Cloning and characterization of a human leptin receptor using a biologically active leptin immunoadhesin
Journal of Molecular Endocrinology - Tập 18 Số 1 - Trang 77-85 - 1997
SM Luoh, Francesco Di Marco, Nathan W. Levin, Mark Armanini, M-H Xie, Carl P. Nelson, G L Bennett, Mark Mon‐Williams, Steven A. Spencer, Austin Gurney, Frédéric J. de Sauvage
ABSTRACT

Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is a hormone secreted by fat cells which is primarily involved in the regulation of body weight. We have generated a leptin immunoadhesin (leptin-IgG) which was more potent than leptin alone at reducing body weight and food intake when injected into ob/ob mice. This molecule was used to identify high affinity binding sites on human embryonic 293 kidney cells and subsequently to isolate a cDNA encoding the leptin receptor from this cell line by expression cloning. This receptor corresponds to the short form of the recently isolated leptin receptor. Analysis of the expression pattern of the two forms of receptor by Northern blot, in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR showed that the receptor is expressed in most tissues but that the long form is prevalent in the hypothalamus.

Estrogen receptor-related receptor α (ERRα) regulates osteopontin expression through a non-canonical ERRα response element in a cell context-dependent manner
Journal of Molecular Endocrinology - Tập 40 Số 2 - Trang 61-73 - 2008
Ralph Zirngibl, Janet S. M. Chan, Jane E. Aubin

We previously demonstrated that the orphan nuclear receptor, estrogen receptor-related receptor α (ERRα) is highly expressed in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, regulates osteogenesis and expression of osteoblast-associated markers in the rat calvaria cell differentiation system, and is dysregulated in the rat ovariectomy model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. There are conflicting published data on the transcriptional regulation by ERRα of the gene for osteopontin (OPN), an extracellular matrix protein required in bone remodeling, and a potential direct target mediating ERRα effects in bone. We therefore readdressed OPN gene regulation by ERRα in both osteoblastic (rat osteosarcoma ROS17/2.8 cells) and non-osteoblastic (HeLa) cell lines using a mouse proximal 2 kb OPN promoter fragment. A minimal OPN promoter fragment spanning from −56 to +9 bp is activated in HeLa cells but repressed it in ROS17/2.8 cells. Adenine scanning mutagenesis revealed the presence of a non-canonical ERRα response element in this minimal promoter. Surprisingly, prototypical inactivating mutations in the activation function 2 (AF2) domain or a naturally occurring allelic variant of ERRα (ERRαH408) were all better activators than wild-type ERRα in HeLa cells, activities that were generally paralleled by repression in ROS17/2.8 cells. Finally, we found that the N-terminus of ERRα harbors a repressor domain that acts in a cell context-dependent manner. We conclude that OPN is an ERRα target gene whose promoter is regulated by ERRα in a cell context-dependent manner and that a predicted silencing mutation in AF2 or a more flexible helix 12 increases ERRα transcriptional activity, effects with implications for ERRα as a therapeutic target in bone.

Functional interference between estrogen-related receptor alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/9-cis-retinoic acid receptor alpha heterodimer complex in the nuclear receptor response element-1 of the medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase gene
Journal of Molecular Endocrinology - Tập 31 Số 1 - Trang 47-60 - 2003
Kayoko Maehara, Takayuki Hida, Yoshito Abe, Akihiko Koga, Katsuya Ota, Eiji Kutoh

We undertook a study of molecular interference of nuclear orphan receptors. Nuclear receptor response element-1 (NRRE-1) from the human medium-chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) gene promoter was shown to contain three hexamer elements (site 1 through 3) that are known to interact with a number of nuclear receptors including chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF) and estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRalpha). We demonstrated that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/9-cis-retinoic acid receptor alpha (PPARalpha/RXRalpha) heterodimer complex can also bind to the two hexamer repeat sequences (between site 1 and site 3) arranged as an everted imperfect repeat separated by 14 bp (ER14). Mutations of the putative core elements have shown that these three sites are differentially involved in ERRalpha and PPARalpha/RXRalpha binding. Homodimer of ERRalpha was shown to interact between site 1 and site 3 (ER14). To date, no nuclear receptor is known to bind to response elements over such long intervals. Interestingly, site 1 was shown to be essential for ERRalpha binding while site 3 supports its binding only in the presence of site 1. Furthermore, it was shown that the binding profile of ERRalpha and PPARalpha/RXRalpha are competitive rather than making a high order complex within NRRE-1. At the cellular level, transcriptional activation driven by the PPARalpha/RXRalpha complex was counteracted by the expression of ERRalpha in HeLa cells. These results suggest that ERRalpha and PPARalpha/RXRalpha could interfere with each other's function through binding to similar DNA elements, thereby finetuning the transcriptional outcome of the target gene. Our findings suggest a mechanism whereby multiple nuclear receptors can activate or repress DNA binding or transcription via a single pleiotropic regulatory element.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, PTH mRNA and calcium-sensing receptor mRNA expression in equine parathyroid cells, and effects of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on equine parathyroid cell function
Journal of Molecular Endocrinology - Tập 31 Số 3 - Trang 609-620 - 2003
Ramiro E. Toribio, CW Kohn, CC Capen, Thomas J. Rosol

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland in response to changes in ionized calcium (Ca(2+)) concentrations. In this study, we measured PTH secretion, and PTH mRNA and calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) mRNA expression by equine parathyroid chief cells in vitro. We also evaluated the effects of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha on PTH secretion, and PTH and CaR mRNA expression. The relationship between PTH and Ca(2+) was inversely related. PTH secretion decreased from 100% (day 0) to 13% (day 30). PTH mRNA expression declined from 100% (day 0) to 25% (day 30). CaR mRNA decreased from 100% (day 0) to 16% (day 30). Chief cells exposed to high (2.0 mM) Ca(2+) concentrations had a lower PTH mRNA expression compared with low Ca(2+) concentrations. Ca(2+) concentrations had no effect on CaR mRNA expression. The inhibitory effect of high Ca(2+) concentrations on PTH secretion also declined over time. After day 10, there was no significant difference in PTH secretion between low and high Ca(2+ )concentrations. IL-1beta decreased both PTH secretion (75%) and PTH mRNA expression (73%), and resulted in a significant overexpression of CaR mRNA (up to 142%). The effects of IL-1beta were blocked by an IL-1 receptor antagonist. IL-1beta decreased the Ca(2+) set-point from 1.4 mM to 1.2 mM. IL-6 decreased PTH secretion (74%), but had no effect on PTH and CaR mRNA expression. TNF-alpha had no effect on PTH secretion, and PTH and CaR mRNA expression. In summary, the decreased responsiveness of parathyroid cells to Ca(2+) from 0 to 30 days can be explained, in part, by the reduced CaR expression. IL-1beta and IL-6 but not TNF-alpha affected parathyroid function in vitro and may be important in influencing PTH secretion in the septic horse.

EXPRESSION OF THE RAT AMYLIN (IAPP / DAP) GENE.
Journal of Molecular Endocrinology - Tập 3 Số 1 - Trang R1-R4 - 1989
G. Ferrier, A.M. Pierson, Philip Jones, S. R. Bloom, Samia I. Girgis, S. Legon
ABSTRACT

We have used the polymerase chain reaction with mixed sequence primers to generate a probe for rat amylin and have used this to detect expression in various rat tissues. Amylin mRNA is found in greatest concentrations in the pancreas where a single mRNA species can be detected giving a hybridisation signal intensity approximately 10% that of insulin mRNA. When the beta cell population was depleted with streptozotocin, both amylin and insulin mRNAs were reduced to a similar extent. Consistent with its supposed role in the control of carbohydrate metabolism, amylin mRNA was also found in the stomach. Unlike the related peptide, CGRP, amylin mRNA is not present in the thyroid and is not widely distributed in the central nervous system. The only nervous tissue in which it could be detected was the dorsal root ganglion. Surprisingly, amylin mRNA was also found in the lung though only at very low levels.

Molecular mechanisms of somatostatin receptor trafficking
Journal of Molecular Endocrinology - Tập 48 Số 1 - Trang R1-R12 - 2012
Zsolt Csaba, Stéphane Peineau, Pascal Dournaud

The neuropeptide somatostatin (SRIF) is an important modulator of neurotransmission in the central nervous system and acts as a potent inhibitor of hormone and exocrine secretion. In addition, SRIF regulates cell proliferation in normal and tumorous tissues. The six somatostatin receptor subtypes (sst1, sst2A, sst2B, sst3, sst4, and sst5), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, share a common molecular topology: a hydrophobic core of seven transmembrane-spanning α-helices, three intracellular loops, three extracellular loops, an amino-terminus outside the cell, and a carboxyl-terminus inside the cell. For most of the GPCRs, intracytosolic sequences, and more particularly the C-terminus, are believed to interact with proteins that are mandatory for either exporting neosynthesized receptor, anchoring receptor at the plasma membrane, internalization, recycling, or degradation after ligand binding. Accordingly, most of the SRIF receptors can traffic not onlyin vitrowithin different cell types but alsoin vivo. A picture of the pathways and proteins involved in these processes is beginning to emerge.

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