Journal of General Physiology

Công bố khoa học tiêu biểu

* Dữ liệu chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo

Sắp xếp:  
UNMEDULLATED FIBERS ORIGINATING IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA
Journal of General Physiology - Tập 33 Số 6 - Trang 651-690 - 1950
Herbert S. Gasser
The compound action potential of the unmedullated fibers arising from dorsal root ganglia, as recorded in cat skin nerves after conduction of simultaneously initiated impulses, shows among its components a temporal dispersion corresponding to velocities between 2.3 and 0.7 M.P.S. The maximum representation of the component velocities is at about 1.2 M.P.S. On both sides of the maximum the representation falls off irregularly, in such a way that groupings in the distribution produce in the action potential a configuration in which successive features appear always in the same positions at a given conduction distance. Through this demonstration of a characteristic configuration the system of the unmedullated fibers is brought into analogy with that of the medullated fibers. The unmedullated fibers originating in the dorsal root ganglia have distinctive physiological properties, among which is a large positive potential which reaches its maximum immediately after the spike and decrements to half relaxation in about 50 msec., at 37°C. The positive phases of the unit potentials in the compound action potential, owing to their duration, sum to a much greater extent than the temporally dispersed spikes; and, since they have sizes such that one equivalent to 25 per cent of the spike height would not be at the limit, in the summation process the major portion of the compound action potential is caused to be written at a potential level positive to the starting base line. The position of the spikes in the sequence can be seen in the analyses in Section III. The course of the activity in unit fibers is subject to variation in ways affecting the positive potential. Preliminary descriptions, based on orienting experiments, of how these variations are conditioned are given in Section I. Two of the findings are particularly noteworthy. One is the high sensitivity of the dimensions of the postspike positivity to temperature in the range of temperatures at which skin nerves may be expected to function, even when the environmental temperatures of an animal are moderate. The other is the high sensitivity to conditioning by previous activity. The positivity is first decreased, then replaced by a negative potential of similar duration. Reasons have been given why it is inadvisable at the present time to call the postspike potential an after-potential. A comparison has been made of the properties of the unmedullated fibers arising from dorsal root ganglia with those of fibers arising from sympathetic ganglia. The differences are so great that, in the interest of precision in designation, a division of the C group of fibers into two subgroups is indicated. It is suggested that the two subgroups be named respectively d.r.C and s.C. Measurements have been made of the diameters of the d.r.C fibers in a saphenous nerve stained with silver. Graphs showing the number of fibers at each diameter are presented in Section II. In Section III there are shown constructions, from histological data, of the action potential as it would appear, after 3 cm. of conduction, with the correlation between diameter and velocity in strict linearity. The degree of fit between the constructed and recorded potentials can be seen in Fig. 18.
Evolution of our understanding of cell volume regulation by the pump-leak mechanism
Journal of General Physiology - Tập 151 Số 4 - Trang 407-416 - 2019
Alan R. Kay, Mordecai P. Blaustein
All animal cells are surrounded by a flexible plasma membrane that is permeable to water and to small ions. Cells thus face a fundamental problem: the considerable tension that their membranes would experience if the osmotic influx of water, driven by the presence of impermeant intracellular ions, was left unopposed. The pivotal study that described the cell’s remedy for this impending osmotic catastrophe—the “pump-leak mechanism” (PLM)—was published in the Journal of General Physiology by Tosteson and Hoffman in 1960. Their work revealed how the sodium pump stabilizes cell volume by eliminating the osmotic gradient. Here we describe the mechanistic basis of the PLM, trace the history of its discovery, and place it into the context of our current understanding.
Kiểm soát sự suy giảm của rhodopsin được kích hoạt bằng quang học và sự thích ứng trong bóng tối của tế bào que chuột bằng kinase rhodopsin và kết dính arrestin
Journal of General Physiology - Tập 148 Số 1 - Trang 1-11 - 2016
Rikard Frederiksen, Soile Nymark, Alexander V. Kolesnikov, Justin Berry, Leopold Adler, Yiannis Koutalos, Vladimir J. Kefalov, M. Carter Cornwall
Hoạt hóa quang học của rhodopsin ở động vật có xương sống chuyển đổi nó thành trạng thái Meta II (R*) hoạt động sinh lý, dẫn đến phản ứng ánh sáng của tế bào que. Meta II bị bất hoạt nhanh chóng bởi sự phosphoryl hóa các gốc serine và threonine ở C-terminus bởi kinase thụ thể G-protein (Grk1) và sự kết hợp tiếp theo của arrestin 1 (Arr1). Meta II tồn tại trong trạng thái cân bằng với dạng rhodopsin không hoạt động ổn định hơn, Meta III. Thích ứng trong bóng tối của tế bào que đòi hỏi sự phân hủy hoàn toàn nhiệt của Meta II/Meta III thành opsin và all-trans retinal và sự tái sinh rhodopsin với sắc tố 11-cis retinal. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi kiểm tra sự điều tiết của sự phân hủy Meta III bởi Grk1 và Arr1 trong các tế bào que chuột nguyên vẹn và ảnh hưởng của chúng đến sự thích ứng trong bóng tối của tế bào que. Chúng tôi đo tốc độ phân hủy của Meta III trong các võng mạc bị cô lập của chuột loại tự nhiên (WT), thiếu Grk1 (Grk1−/−), thiếu Arr1 (Arr1−/−) và biểu hiện quá mức Arr1 (Arr1ox). Chúng tôi phát hiện rằng trong tế bào que chuột WT, Meta III đạt đỉnh ∼6 phút sau khi kích hoạt rhodopsin và suy giảm với hằng số thời gian (τ) là 17 phút. Sự phân hủy Meta III chậm lại trong tế bào Arr1−/− (τ khoảng ∼27 phút), trong khi nó tăng tốc trong tế bào Arr1ox (τ khoảng ∼8 phút) và tế bào Grk1−/− (τ khoảng ∼13 phút). Trong mọi trường hợp, sự tái sinh rhodopsin với 11-cis retinal ngoại sinh bị giới hạn bởi tốc độ phân hủy của Meta III. Đáng chú ý, động học của sự thích ứng trong bóng tối của tế bào que in vivo cũng được điều chỉnh bởi mức độ Arr1 và Grk1. Chúng tôi kết luận rằng, ngoài vai trò đã được thiết lập rõ ràng của chúng trong sự bất hoạt của Meta II, Grk1 và Arr1 có thể điều chỉnh động học của sự phân hủy Meta III và sự thích ứng trong bóng tối của tế bào que in vivo.
#photoactivation #Meta II #Meta III #rhodopsin #Grk1 #Arr1 #dark adaptation #mouse rods
CARBOXYPEPTIDASE
Journal of General Physiology - Tập 20 Số 5 - Trang 663-669 - 1937
M. L. Anson
Nonsolvent Water in Human Erythrocytes
Journal of General Physiology - Tập 50 Số 5 - Trang 1311-1325 - 1967
John S. Cook
From the ability of a concentrated suspension of human erythrocytes to regulate the pH of unbuffered, anisotonic, external media it is possible to calculate the fractional cell volume in which chloride is dissolved. The difference between this volume and the total cell water gives the nonsolvent water (for chloride) of the cell. Nonsolvent water is less than 3% of the isotonic cell volume. The quantity of nonsolvent water per cell may increase as the cells shrink in hypertonic solutions.
Acetylcholine and Calcium on Membrane Permeability and Contraction of Intestinal Smooth Muscle
Journal of General Physiology - Tập 50 Số 5 - Trang 1157-1172 - 1967
Leon Hurwitz, Stanley Von Hagen, Paul D. Joiner
Acetylcholine elicited a sustained contraction and an increase in potassium efflux in longitudinal muscle isolated from the guinea pig ileum. Stepwise increases in the calcium concentration of the bathing medium, from 0.06 to 36 mM generally reduced the increase in potassium efflux, but had a complex effect on the mechanical response. Contractions produced by high levels of acetylcholine became progressively larger or remained at a high magnitude as the calcium concentration was increased. Contractions produced by low levels of acetylcholine also improved initially, but were depressed again by the highest concentration of calcium introduced. Ethanol, in the appropriate concentration, inhibited completely the acetylcholine-induced contraction without reducing the increase in potassium efflux. Calcium reversed this effect. Both extracellular calcium and ethanol depressed the large, transient increase in muscle tone developed by fibers that were preincubated in a high calcium medium and then exposed to a calcium-free medium. These findings suggested that extracellular calcium ions react with two different sites in the membrane, a stabilizing site and a storage site. A muscle contraction is activated by calcium ions which diffuse from the storage site to the myoplasm. Calcium ions reacting with the stabilizing site impede this diffusion process. Part of the stimulatory effect of acetylcholine is derived from its capacity to counteract the action of calcium at the stabilizing site.
Reaction of Local Anesthetics with Phospholipids
Journal of General Physiology - Tập 48 Số 2 - Trang 357-374 - 1964
Maurice B. Feinstein
Local anesthetics (LA) have been found to interact with phospholipids and lipids extracted from nerve and muscle. This reaction is demonstrated by: (a) Inhibition by LA of phospholipid (and tissue lipid) facilitated transport of calcium from a methanol: water phase into chloroform. This action is dependent upon the cationic form of the LA. (b) LA increase the electrical resistance of "membranes" prepared by impregnating Millipore filters with cephalin:cholesterol or tissue lipid extracts and bathed with NaCl or KCl solutions. (c) LA coagulate aqueous dispersions of cephalin, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and inositide, an action shared by calcium. The order of potency in coagulating cephalin sols is tetracaine > calcium > butacaine > procaine. Na+ and K+ do not coagulate phospholipid dispersions at 0.1 M concentration and antagonize the effect of Ca2+. (d) LA produce a marked fall in the pH of cephalin sols equivalent to that produced by calcium, (e) Ca2+ and LA form 1:2 molar complexes with phospholipids probably by ion-ion and ion-induced polar type of binding at the phosphate groups of the lipid. It is suggested that such reactions with cell membrane phospholipids may underlie inhibitory effects of LA on cellular ion fluxes and provide a chemical basis for anesthetic action.
ANESTHETIC AND CALCIUM ACTION IN THE VOLTAGE CLAMPED SQUID GIANT AXON
Journal of General Physiology - Tập 42 Số 4 - Trang 793-802 - 1959
Abraham M. Shanes, W. H. Freygang, Harry Grundfest, E. Amatniek
Changes in spike configuration and in the inward and outward currents of voltage-clamped axons agree in indicating that the increases in permeability to sodium and potassium ions during activity are depressed by procaine and cocaine and augmented by calcium. At low levels of depolarization, the effect of the multivalent ion is similar to that of the local anesthetics, in keeping with their similar effects on the threshold of excitability. The reduction of membrane conductance at rest requires a higher concentration of the drugs than that needed to affect the increase in permeability with activity.
THE PERMEABILITY OF HUMAN RED CELLS TO CATIONS AFTER TREATMENT WITH RESORCINOL, n-BUTYL ALCOHOL, AND SIMILAR LYSINS
Journal of General Physiology - Tập 32 Số 1 - Trang 53-62 - 1948
Eric Ponder
The form of families of curves relating K loss to time in systems containing hypolytic concentrations of resorcinol and of n-butyl alcohol points to the human red cell's being slightly permeable to K and Na even when it is in isotonic NaCl (or plasma), and to the effect of the hypolytic concentrations of lysin being such as to increase this permeability. The rate of reentry of K into red cells which have lost it is more rapid than the rate of the previous loss. This may be due to the reimmersion of the lysin-treated cells in isotonic KCl producing further modifications of the ion-restricting mechanisms associated with the red cell structure. The volume changes observed in systems which show the large K-Na exchanges produced by resorcinol and by n-butyl alcohol are not the same as those which would be expected on the basis of the dual mechanism of hemolysis hypothesis or of the colloid-osmotic hemolysis hypothesis. Extensive swelling of the red cells occurs only when the concentrations of lysin are large enough to produce considerable hemolysis.
The Osmotically Functional Water Content of the Human Erythrocyte
Journal of General Physiology - Tập 47 Số 3 - Trang 585-603 - 1964
Paul G. LeFevre
Experiments were directed toward estimation of the magnitude of error incurred by the presumption of idealized osmometric behavior in the author's recent studies of monosaccharide transport through the human erythrocyte membrane. Thick suspensions of washed cells in isotonic buffered balanced salt medium were mixed in fixed proportions with varying dilutions of a concentrate of either (a) the mixed chlorides of the medium, or (b) glucose in the isotonic medium, and the resultant freezing point and hematocrit values determined. The form of the responses in the tonicity and the cell volume, as functions of the variable dilution of sugar or salts, conformed consistently with relations derived from the classical van't Hoff-Boyle-Mariotte pressure-volume relation. However, the effective cell water contents appeared substantially less than the weight lost in conventional drying, and varied somewhat according to the index used: expressed as grams of H2O per milliliter of cells at isotonic volume, the cell water implied by the hematocrit behavior was 0.614 ± 0.015 (SD); by the salt tonicity response, 0.565 ± 0.027; by the immediate glucose tonicity response, 0.562 ± 0.044; and by the equilibrium glucose tonicities, 0.589 ± 0.043. Olmstead's reports of gross deviation from the van't Hoff relation, in the rabbit red cell's responses to tonicity displacement, are attributed primarily to a systematic aberration in his method of data analysis, the observations themselves agreeing substantially with the present findings.
Tổng số: 220   
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 10