Two aspects of translation were investigated: (1) factors that affect
translation quality, and (2) how equivalence between source and target versions
can be evaluated. The variables of language, content, and difficulty were
studied through an analysis of variance design. Ninety-four bilinguals from the
University of Guam, representing ten languages, translated or back-translated
six essays incorpo... hiện toàn bộ
Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Isabel M. Martínez, Alexandra Marqués Pinto, Marisa Salanova, Arnold B. Bakker
This study examines burnout and engagement—the hypothesized opposite of
burnout—in university students from Spain ( n = 623), Portugal ( n = 727), and
the Netherlands ( n = 311). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the
expected three-factor structures of the adapted versions of the Maslach Burnout
Inventory (MBI) for students (including Exhaustion, Cynicism, and Reduced
Efficacy) and the Utre... hiện toàn bộ
Biculturalism (having two cultures) is a growing social phenomenon that has
received considerable attention in psychology in the last decade; however, the
issue of what impact (if any) biculturalism has on individuals’ adjustment
remains empirically unclear. To answer this question, we conducted a
meta-analysis that included 83 studies, 322 rs, and 23,197 participants. Results
based on the random-... hiện toàn bộ
Cultural biases based on the anthropological work of Mary Douglas and her
colleagues are compared to contemporary worldviews deriving from a psychological
approach to the issues of risk and culture. It is argued that these orienting
dispositions guide the perception of risk at both the collective and individual
levels, with cultural biases referring to shared beliefs and values, and
contemporary w... hiện toàn bộ
Extreme response styles (ERS) and acquiescence response styles (ARS) may
constitute important sources of cross-cultural differences on survey-type
instruments. Differences in ERS and ARS, if undetected, may give rise to
spurious results that do not reflect genuine differences in attitudes or
perceptions. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis is recommended as the
most effective method of tes... hiện toàn bộ
This multinational study examined the relationship between values, awareness of
the consequences for environmental damage, ascribed responsibility, and
proenvironmental behaviors. Survey data were collected from college students in
Mexico (n = 187), Nicaragua (n = 78), Peru ( n = 160), Spain ( n = 187), and the
United States ( n = 345). Measures included items from Schwartz's values
instrument, se... hiện toàn bộ
Many social scientists have predicted that one inevitable consequence of
modernization is the unlimited growth of individualism, which poses serious
threats to the organic unity of society. Others have argued that autonomy and
independence are necessary conditions for the development of interpersonal
cooperation and social solidarity. We reanalyzed available data on the
relationship between indivi... hiện toàn bộ
The article reviews standardization methods commonly employed to adjust for
response bias in cross-cultural research. First, different standardization
procedures are reviewed and a classification scheme is provided. Standardization
procedures are classified according to the statistical information used (means,
standard deviation) and the source of this information (individual, group, or
culture). ... hiện toàn bộ
The extent to which methodological tools can help correct the overemphasis on
fact finding and speed up the slow theoretical progress in cross-cultural
psychology is analyzed. Two types of contributions to the current predicament
are delineated. First, cross-cultural psychologists have created their own
partis pris. Second, partis pris have been inherited from mainstream psychology.
In the future,... hiện toàn bộ
Societal value consensus has been widely discussed but rarely studied
empirically. The authors developed a definition and an operational index for
value consensus suitable for cross-national comparisons. They then generated and
tested hypotheses concerning causal impacts of socioeconomic development and
political democratization on both value importance and value consensus in a
society. Data are f... hiện toàn bộ