Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology

Wildfire, caused by Pseudomonas amygdali pv. tabaci is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases and was recognized as a disease of soybean in 1943. Wildfire has been seen a steady increase in the incidence and prevalence on some cultivars of soybean in Korea by climatic changes but there is little information on effective control measures for wildfire or soybean varieties showing complete resistance to the disease. In this study, the efficient and reliable screening method to evaluate soybean genotype for resistance to P. amygdali pv. tabaci in field had been developed. In order to determine the host resistance of the soybean cultivar against P. amygdali pv. tabaci, development of symptom by infiltration inoculation was evaluated. Significant differences between susceptible plants and resistant plants were observed through these assays. Based on these results, ‘Shinpaldal2’, ‘Daepung’ are resistant to wildfire compared to ‘Hwangeum’, ‘Taekwang’. The optimum temperature of this pathogen was between 20-25°C and when the pathogen was in the optimum temperature, the responses of susceptible or resistant cultivar were dramatically different. Prior to initiation of resistance breeding of soybean wildfire, it is imperative to set uniform resistance screening techniques. The obtained results can be effectively used to enhance the selection of wildfire resistance as well as directly applied in resistant soybean development. Resistant lines identified through this assay could be directly used in soybean breeding programs for wildfire resistance.

Irrigation interruption owing to time of incidence is affecting the seed quality. The aim of this research was to determine whether the brassinolide and spraying time of this hormone in two stages of applying irrigation interruption could be improved the quality of produced grain wheat during 2014-2016. Irrigation regimes were carried out at irrigation interruption from the flowering and grain-filling stage and full irrigation as a control. The second factor was including factorial of zero, 0.05, and 0.1 mg 1−1 of brassinolide and spraying time before the flowering and grain-filling stages. The maximum grain weight had no significant difference between the both irrigation interruptions. The lowest period and the highest rate of grain filling were observed after irrigation interruption in the flowering stage. The seed germination and vigor index of seedlings were increased in irrigation interruption at the flowering stage and without the spraying of hormones. The foliar application of 0.1 mg 1−1 brassinolide caused the highest seedling vigor index and the lowest electrolyte leakage from grain. Overall, the application of 0.1 mg 1−1 brassinolide improved the quality of wheat seed affected by the irrigation interruption at the flowering and grain-filling stages in water restriction.

Maize is highly susceptible to waterlogging, which is becoming one of worldwide abiotic threats in many agricultural areas. This study was evaluated to establish the screening method and to find tolerant maize genotypes. Six Korean maize inbred lines were subjected to waterlogging at V3 for 15 days using a big size pot with single maize plant (big pot method) and a box containing 31 maize plants at a time (box method). The degree of foliar senescence and the number of senescent leaves were better indicators for selecting waterlogging tolerant maize genotypes than SPAD value and plant height. The degree of foliar senescence revealed that KS124, KS140, and KS141 are tolerant, and KS85 is susceptible to waterlogging at the early growth stage. These responses of foliar senescence were in clear accordance with those of plant grain yield, which was supported by stress tolerance index for grain yield. The box method also showed the similar response of foliar senescence to the big pot method. Therefore, this box method based on foliar senescence may be simple and efficient for large-scale screening of maize germplasm against waterlogging stress. It was concluded that foliar senescence can be a good indicator for selecting tolerant maize genotypes against waterlogging at the early growth stage.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important food crop in arid and semi-arid tropics where it is grown mainly due to its drought tolerance. In Ethiopia, sorghum is grown in different agro-ecological zones primarily for food. Landraces are widely cultivated in the region due to their adaptation to the growing conditions and other characteristics such as food quality, quantity, and quality of by-products. The objective of this research was to determine the genetic variation in protein, mineral composition, total starch and its components in sorghum landraces collected from the western regions of Ethiopia. Sorghum whole grains were analyzed for crude protein, total starch and its components, and mineral profile (calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc, and sodium). The analysis of variance showed significant differences among the sorghum landraces in nutritional composition. There was highly significant correlation between phosphorus and magnesium, and between zinc and phosphorus and protein which indicated that some interaction existed in absorption and translocation between minerals and protein content. The genetic variation found among the sorghum landrace accessions in chemical composition can be exploited in the breeding program.

Chocolate spot is economically the most important and destructive disease of faba bean. Field studies were conducted to develop and determine an integrated option that consisted of host resistance and fungicide rates to reduce chocolate spot progression and minimize yield loss of faba bean at two locations in Southern Ethiopia in 2018 and 2019. The experiment was factorial arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Results revealed cultivar, fungicide rate, and their interactions strongly (p < 0.001) influenced disease progress rate, severity, and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). The lowest (0.0094–0.0254 units day–1) and the highest (0.0175–0.0393 units day–1) progression rates were computed from cultivar Gebelcho and local at all application rates, respectively. All cultivars highly reduced disease severity and AUDPC at 3 kg ha–1 foliar application rate over controls at both locations and seasons. Cultivars and fungicide rates variably affected yield where Gebelcho (+63.09%), Moti (+55.58%), and Degaga (+54.91%) exceeded yield obtained from the local cultivar at Bonke in 2019. In addition, Degaga performed well at Chencha in both years. In addition, cultivars attained very low yield loss when treated at a rate of 2½ and 3 kg ha–1 fungicide applications. Moreover, disease components established significantly negative relationships with yield parameters at both sites over years. Furthermore, integration of host resistance (Degaga and Gebelcho) and fungicide application rates of 2½ and 3 kg ha–1 provided higher monetary advantages than the untreated plots. However, stability analysis, low yield loss and monitory advantage showed planting Degaga at a rate of 2½ kg ha–1 was the most cost-effective option in reducing disease pressure and increasing yield parameters; and suggested to growers in the study areas.

Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) seed samples were collected in rice fields in different locations at Mekong delta in Vietnam for herbicide resistance tests. The ALS-resistant and synthetic auxin-resistant E. crus-galli were confirmed at several locations in the Mekong Delta. The average LD90 value of bispyribac, penoxsulam and quinclorac for assessed weed populations was 33.1, 15.1 and 550.2 g a.i.ha−1 respectively. There were cross resistant barnyardgrass populations to bispyribac and penoxsulam, the LD90 value of the two ALS inhibitors for E. crus-galli was positively correlated at R2=0.39, the cross resistant population was 33.3% of total sample. The correlation analysis was not useful to evaluate the multiple resistance between quinclorac and the two ALS inhibitors, the R2 value was lower than 0.05, however, the percentage of multiple resistance weed was 36.2% of population. There was no cross resistance or multiple resistance among the 3 tested herbicides and the new synthetic auxin herbicide Rinskor™. All tested weed samples, including quinclorac-resistant populations, were effectively controlled by Rinskor™. There was no difference between control from Rinskor™ in the different herbicide resistant populations. Average LD90 value of Rinskor™ in all tested barnyardgrass was 17.1 g a.i ha−1.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most important oil seed crops, which has been used as a traditional health food. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes of leaf cuticular waxes during plant growth from 5 to 75 days after seedling emergence, and the variation of leaf waxes with different leaf position; top, middle, and lower positions, using four Korean sesame cultivars, Ahnsan, Danbaeck, Hanseom, and Kyeongheuk. Alkanes in lower leaves and aldehydes in top leaves among leaf positions were the most abundant, with alkanes being with major portion in all leaf position of four sesame cultivars. Total leaf wax load decreased around three-fold between 5 and 30 days, and then remained constant up to day 75. The percentages of alkanes and aldehydes increased between 5 and 15 days and then changed little or increasingly, showing minor variation depending on sesame cultivars. The rate of increase of alkanes was slightly higher than that of aldehydes. Chain length of alkanes and aldehydes became longer from 5 to 30 days, and then remained almost constant till day 75. The major homologue in alkanes was the C29 at day 5 and the C33 constituent after day 30, while the major homologue in aldehydes was the C32 constituent continuously during leaf development. The results demonstrated that the chain length for alkane and aldehyde constituents changed increasingly by chain elongation and wax biosynthesis during leaf development of sesame.

This study was conducted to investigate cytotoxic effect, phenolic content, DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging rate and nitrite scavenging rate from different solvent fractions of Codonopsis lanceolate root. At all extracts concentration, the cytotoxic effect on different fractions against human cancer cells was higher in n-hexane and butyl alcohol fractions than in the other fractions. The IC50 value on HeLa cell showed the lowest by 62.70 μg.mL-1 on n-hexane fraction, and exhibited the values of butyl alcohol fraction 341.36 μg.mL-1, methylene chloride 598.33 μg.mL-1, ethyl acetate fraction 860.44 μg.mL-1, DW fraction 2896.82 μg.mL-1. Total polyphenol content on different solvent fractions varied from 102.43 to 153.52 mg.g-1, and that of ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest amount. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity showed that the increase was proportional to the concentration, and the scavenging activity also showed the highest in ethyl acetate fraction. The nitrite scavenging activity of each fraction at pH 1.2 was in the order of EA > BA > MC > n-H > DW, and the lower the acidity, the higher nitrite scavenging activity, and there was no distinct detection of nitrite scavenging effects of the pH range 6.0. The results of this study suggested that the extract of Codonopsis lanceolate root may assist in the potential biological activities, and it was found that the activity was different depending on the organic solvent fraction and the water fraction.