Modularity is a design property of the architecture of products, organizations, and interfirm networks; modularization is a process that affects those designs while also shaping firm boundaries and industry landscapes; and ‘modularity’ is a cognitive frame that guides categorization and interpretation of a wide array of economic phenomena. Modularity‐as‐property and modularization‐as‐proce...... hiện toàn bộ
AbstractResearch SummaryDigitalization has three fundamental characteristics, reprogrammability infrastructural elementality, and intangibility. Based on these characteristics, it is transforming how firms organize for value creation, delivery, and capture. Its intangibility and infrastructural character largely free economic and ...... hiện toàn bộ
Plain language summaryCorporate diplomacy is the ability to win the hearts and minds of external stakeholders in support of an organizational mission. As compared to the narrow support function of external affairs, corporate diplomats play a central role not just in sensing risks and opportunities in the external environment, but also in shaping short‐ an...... hiện toàn bộ
Plain language summaryThis study explains the different types of additional costs faced by multinational firms when they invest abroad. We identify product adaptation cost, discrimination cost, governance cost, and appropriation hazard as important sources of the difficulties that multinationals face. We then link each of these costs to different dimensio...... hiện toàn bộ