Modularity is a design property of the architecture of products, organizations,
and interfirm networks; modularization is a process that affects those designs
while also shaping firm boundaries and industry landscapes; and ‘modularity’ is
a cognitive frame that guides categorization and interpretation of a wide array
of economic phenomena. Modularity‐as‐property and modularization‐as‐process are
d... hiện toàn bộ
AbstractResearch SummaryDigitalization has three fundamental characteristics,
reprogrammability infrastructural elementality, and intangibility. Based on
these characteristics, it is transforming how firms organize for value creation,
delivery, and capture. Its intangibility and infrastructural character largely
free economic and business activities from the constraints of physical geography
like ... hiện toàn bộ
Plain language summaryCorporate diplomacy is the ability to win the hearts and
minds of external stakeholders in support of an organizational mission. As
compared to the narrow support function of external affairs, corporate diplomats
play a central role not just in sensing risks and opportunities in the external
environment, but also in shaping short‐ and long‐term strategic responses across
all ... hiện toàn bộ
Plain language summaryThis study explains the different types of additional
costs faced by multinational firms when they invest abroad. We identify product
adaptation cost, discrimination cost, governance cost, and appropriation hazard
as important sources of the difficulties that multinationals face. We then link
each of these costs to different dimensions of cross‐national distance,
including ec... hiện toàn bộ