Current Directions in Psychological Science

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Temperament, Development, and Personality
Current Directions in Psychological Science - Tập 16 Số 4 - Trang 207-212 - 2007
Mary K. Rothbart
Understanding temperament is central to our understanding of development, and temperament constructs are linked to individual differences in both personality and underlying neural function. In this article, I review findings on the structure of temperament, its relation to the Big Five traits of personality, and its links to development and psychopathology. In addition, I discuss the rela...... hiện toàn bộ
Pupil Dilation Reflects the Creation and Retrieval of Memories
Current Directions in Psychological Science - Tập 21 Số 2 - Trang 90-95 - 2012
Stephen D. Goldinger, Megan H. Papesh
It has long been known that pupils—the apertures that allow light into the eyes—dilate and constrict not only in response to changes in ambient light but also in response to emotional changes and arousing stimuli (e.g., Fontana, 1765). Charles Darwin (1872) related changes in pupil diameter to fear and other “emotions” in animals. For decades, pupillometry has been used to study cognitive...... hiện toàn bộ
The Teenage Brain
Current Directions in Psychological Science - Tập 22 Số 2 - Trang 82-87 - 2013
B.J. Casey, Kristina Caudle
Adolescence refers to the transition from childhood to adulthood that begins with the onset of puberty and ends with successful independence from the parent. A paradox for human adolescence is why, during a time when the individual is probably faster, stronger, of higher reasoning capacity, and more resistant to disease, there is such an increase in mortality relative to childhood. This is...... hiện toàn bộ
Person Perception and Personality Pathology
Current Directions in Psychological Science - Tập 18 Số 1 - Trang 32-36 - 2009
Thomas F. Oltmanns, Eric Turkheimer
Studies of person perception (people's impressions and beliefs about others) have developed important concepts and methods that can be used to help improve the assessment of personality disorders. They may also inspire advances in our knowledge of the nature and origins of these conditions. Information collected from peers and other types of informants is reliable and provides a perspecti...... hiện toàn bộ
Activities and Programs That Improve Children’s Executive Functions
Current Directions in Psychological Science - Tập 21 Số 5 - Trang 335-341 - 2012
Adele Diamond
Executive functions (EFs; e.g., reasoning, working memory, and self-control) can be improved. Good news indeed, since EFs are critical for school and job success and for mental and physical health. Various activities appear to improve children’s EFs. The best evidence exists for computer-based training, traditional martial arts, and two school curricula. Weaker evidence, though strong eno...... hiện toàn bộ
The Perils of Perfectionism in Sports and Exercise
Current Directions in Psychological Science - Tập 14 Số 1 - Trang 14-18 - 2005
Gordon L. Flett, Paul L. Hewitt
Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality construct that has been linked with various forms of maladjustment. In this article, we discuss the role of perfectionism as a maladaptive factor in sports and exercise, and we describe a phenomenon we identify as the perfectionism paradox. We note that even though certain sports require athletes to achieve perfect performance outcomes, the ...... hiện toàn bộ
The Role of Time in Elementary Associations
Current Directions in Psychological Science - Tập 2 Số 4 - Trang 106-111 - 1993
Ralph R. Miller, Robert C. Barnet
Computational Versus Associative Models of Simple Conditioning
Current Directions in Psychological Science - Tập 10 Số 4 - Trang 146-150 - 2001
C. R. Gallistel, John Gibbon
In associative models of simple conditioning, conductive connections (associations, Hebbian synapses) are strengthened by the repetitive temporal pairing of stimuli. The associations cause the animal to behave more adaptively, but they do not encode information about objectively specifiable properties of the conditioning experience. In information processing (computational) models, the te...... hiện toàn bộ
Gender and Group Process: A Developmental Perspective
Current Directions in Psychological Science - Tập 11 Số 2 - Trang 54-58 - 2002
Eleanor E. Maccoby
Until recently, the study of gender development has focused mainly on sex typing as an attribute of the individual. Although this perspective continues to be enlightening, recent work has focused increasingly on children's tendency to congregate in same-sex groups. This self-segregation of the two sexes implies that much of childhood gender enactment occurs in the context of same-sex dyad...... hiện toàn bộ
Social Acceptance and Rejection
Current Directions in Psychological Science - Tập 20 Số 4 - Trang 256-260 - 2011
C. Nathan DeWall, Brad J. Bushman
People have a fundamental need for positive and lasting relationships. In this article, we provide an overview of social psychological research on the topic of social acceptance and rejection. After defining these terms, we describe the need to belong and how it enabled early humans to fulfill their survival and reproductive goals. Next, we review research on the effects of social rejecti...... hiện toàn bộ
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