The production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) by mammalian mitochondria is important because it underlies oxidative damage in many pathologies and contributes to retrograde redox signalling from the organelle to the cytosol and nucleus. Superoxide (O2•−) is the proximal mitochondrial ROS, and in the present review I outline the principles that govern O2•− production within the matrix of ...... hiện toàn bộ
Apoptosis is a major form of cell death, characterized initially by a series of stereotypic morphological changes. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the gene ced-3 encodes a protein required for developmental cell death. Since the recognition that CED-3 has sequence identity with the mammalian cysteine protease interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (ICE), a family of at least 10 related c...... hiện toàn bộ
1. A new method is described for labelling proteins to high specific radioactivities with 125I. The protein is treated with a 125I-labelled acylating agent, iodinated 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, which reacts with free amino groups in the protein molecule to attach the 125I-labelled groups by amide bonds. 2. Three protein hormones have been labelled by this...... hiện toàn bộ
The amino acid sequences of 301 glycosyl hydrolases and related enzymes have been compared. A total of 291 sequences corresponding to 39 EC entries could be classified into 35 families. Only ten sequences (less than 5% of the sample) could not be assigned to any family. With the sequences available for this analysis, 18 families were found to be monospecific (containing only one EC number)...... hiện toàn bộ
Peter C. Heinrich, Iris Behrmann, Elisabeth Letellier, Heike M. Hermanns, Gerhard Müller‐Newen, Fred Schaper
Các cytokine loại IL-6 bao gồm IL-6, IL-11, LIF (yếu tố ức chế bạch cầu), OSM (oncostatin M), yếu tố dưỡng thần kinh mi, cardiotrophin-1 và cytokine giống cardiotrophin là một họ quan trọng của các chất trung gian tham gia điều hòa phản ứng cấp tính đối với tổn thương và nhiễm trùng. Bên cạnh chức năng của chúng trong viêm và đáp ứng miễn dịch, những cytokine này cũng đóng một vai trò quan...... hiện toàn bộ
Annemieke J.M. de Ruijter, Albert H. Gennip, Huib N. Caron, Stephan Kemp, André B. P. Kuilenburg
Transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes occurs within a chromatin setting, and is strongly influenced by the post-translational modification of histones, the building blocks of chromatin, such as methylation, phosphorylation and acetylation. Acetylation is probably the best understood of these modifications: hyperacetylation leads to an increase in the expression of particular genes, and ...... hiện toàn bộ
Arginine is one of the most versatile amino acids in animal cells, serving as a precursor for the synthesis not only of proteins but also of nitric oxide, urea, polyamines, proline, glutamate, creatine and agmatine. Of the enzymes that catalyse rate-controlling steps in arginine synthesis and catabolism, argininosuccinate synthase, the two arginase isoenzymes, the three nitric oxide syntha...... hiện toàn bộ