BioControl

Des observations ont été effectuées sur la morphologie des stades préimaginaux et le cycle de développement d'Eurytoma waachtli Mayr., qui se développe en ectoparasite sur les larves de 4e stade du curculionidePissodes validirostris Gyll. dans les cônes de pin sylvestre. On a constaté que le chalcidien n'attaque les larves dePissodes que si celles-ci sont préalablement parasitées et paralysées par des ichneumonides du genreScambus. E. waachtli détruit d'abord la larve deScambus puis se développe sur la larve du Coléoptère. Un tel comportement peut être qualifié de cleptoparasite. Le développement d'E.waachtli, en général monovoltin, est étroitement lié à la fois à celui dePissodes et à celui deScambus sp. En limitant le nombre de parasites primaires,E. waachtli joue un rôle favorable à l'accroissement des populations dePissodes validirostris.

Although the distribution of biological control agents may have a significant effect upon their impacts, the mechanisms regulating these distributions are often unknown. Such is the case with Aphthona nigriscutis, a classical biological control agent of leafy spurge in North America. These beetles assume aggregated distributions at some sites but disperse rapidly at others. The potential influence of plant and insect-factors upon aggregation and dispersal was investigated to try to explain these observations. Male beetles produce a putative aggregation pheromone. Responses of conspecifics to male-associated cues are greater when beetles are feeding on host plants. Densities of beetle groups greatly impact their attractiveness. Males are more sensitive to dispersal cues and females are more sensitive to congregation cues.

Antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas chlororaphis strains DF190 and PA23, Bacillus cereus strain DFE4 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain DFE16 were tested for elicitation of induced systemic resistance (ISR) and direct antibiosis in control of blackleg in canola caused by the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. Inoculation of bacteria 24 h and 48 h prior to the pathogen was crucial for disease control. In systemic induction studies, the bacteria and culture extracts had lower but significant suppression of the blackleg lesion. When inoculated at the same wound site as the pathogen pycnidiospores, the bacterial culture extracts had significantly higher reduction of blackleg lesion development. However, localized plant defense-related enzyme activity at the site of inoculation was not induced by all the bacteria. Direct antifungal activity at the infection site seems to be the dominant mechanism mediating control of L. maculans. A Tn5-gacS mutant of strain PA23 exhibited a complete loss of antifungal and biocontrol activity, which was restored upon addition of the gacS gene in trans. Interestingly, a phenazine-minus derivative of PA23 that produces elevated levels of pyrrolnitrin exhibited the same or higher blackleg disease suppression compared to the wild type. These findings suggest that direct antifungal activity, possibly mediated by pyrrolnitrin, and some low level of induced systemic resistance is involved in P. chlororaphis biocontrol of blackleg.

Many invasive plant species have high tolerance to herbivore damage, which can lead to low impacts of introduced biological control insects. High herbivore tolerance may be a trait acquired by invasive plants in their invaded range which makes it difficult to predict impacts of introduced insects. In this study, we compared the growth and foliar secondary chemical responses of invasive and native populations of Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree) to repeated damage by specialist or generalist herbivores. We found repeated damage significantly decreased plant biomass and increased foliar tannin and flavonoid concentrations compared to a single damage event. These effects were significantly stronger with specialist damage than with generalist damage but the magnitudes of these differences were small. Plants from invasive populations had lower foliar tannins and higher foliar flavonoids than plants from native populations and had greater biomass in every damage treatment. Our results suggest that repeated damage could suppress the growth of invasive plants with high tolerance. Thus using multivoltine herbivores as biological control agents may overcome herbivore tolerance and increase biological control efficacy.

The relative toxicity of someacaricides to the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis and the twospottedspider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae) wasevaluated in laboratory. Five of theacaricides tested, including bifenazate,acequinocyl, chlorfenapyr, flufenoxuron andfenbutatin oxide, were much less toxic to adultfemales and immatures of P. persimilisthan to those of T. urticae, and adultfemale predators treated with these fiveacaricides produced 84±96% as many eggs as didcontrol females. Etoxazole did not seriouslyaffect the survival and reproduction of adultfemale predators but caused high mortalityrates in eggs and larvae of P.persimilis. Milbemectin and fenazaquin werevery toxic to adult females and immatures ofP. persimilis. Adult female predatorssurvived on a diet of spider mites treated withbifenazate, acequinocyl, chlorfenapyr,flufenoxuron and fenbutatin oxide, and theirfecundity, prey consumption and the sex ratioof the progeny were not substantially affected. Based on the results, bifenazate, acequinocyl,chlorfenapyr, flufenoxuron and fenbutatin oxideappeared to be the promising candidates for usein integrated mite management programs whereP. persimilis is the major naturalenemy.

Les résultats des infections au laboratoire des larves deM. melolontha par le virus de la ≪sphéroïdose≫ ont fait l'objet d'essais sur le terrain dans la Sarthe. Cette expérimentation, en parcelles, préliminaire à des applications à une échelle plus agricole, a mis en évidence la possibilité d'implantation de la maladie dans un sol non contaminé naturellement et le développement de cell-ci avec le temps. D'après cet exemple les possibilités d'emploi de ce type de virus en lutte microbiologique contre les insectes sont discutées.

Immature Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and parasitoids were sampled for 39 months in an unsprayed cabbage field near Cotonou, Benin, to determine how and when host-parasitoid interactions influence the population dynamics of the moth in a tropical environment. Eighty-three samples were taken at approximately two-week intervals. There were no seasonal patterns in the abundance of immature moths, which was not correlated with weather variables, although heavy rainfall during the principal rainy season may have temporarily affected the population. The host-parasitoid system consisted almost exclusively of P. xylostella and its larval parasitoid Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), both species occurring at similar levels of abundance (on average 7.5 ± 0.3 and 7.2 ± 0.3 individuals per plant, respectively). The tendency for host-parasitoid dynamics to cycle was apparent in the field. P. xylostella and C. vestalis showed coupled oscillations in abundance, with a time lag of about two weeks between host and parasitoid peaks. High parasitoid abundance resulted in significant decreases in moth abundance over several weeks. However, the parasitoid population in turn decreased, could not prevent the moth from rebounding, and there was no stable control of the pest. We conclude that under tropical conditions in which P. xylostella populations grow rapidly, combined with a high probability of recolonization from surrounding areas, biological control by a well-established specialist parasitoid reaches its limits and additional control measures are necessary.