Annual Review of Microbiology
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MECHANISMS FOR THE PREVENTION OF DAMAGE TO DNA IN SPORES OF <i>BACILLUS</i> SPECIES
Annual Review of Microbiology - Tập 49 Số 1 - Trang 29-54 - 1995
COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION OF BACTERIAL COLONIES: From Genotype to Morphotype ▪ Abstract In nature, bacteria must often cope with difficult environmental conditions. To do so they have developed sophisticated cooperative behavior and intricate communication pathways. Utilizing these elements, motile microbial colonies frequently develop complex patterns in response to adverse growth conditions on hard surfaces under conditions of energy limitation. We employ the term morphotype to refer to specific properties of colonial development. The morphologies we discuss include a tip-splitting (T) morphotype, chiral (C) morphotype, and vortex (V) morphotype. A generic modeling approach was developed by combining a detailed study of the cellular behavior and dynamics during colonial development and invoking concepts derived from the study of pattern formation in nonliving systems. Analysis of patterning behavior of the models suggests bacterial processes whereby communication leads to self-organization by using cooperative cellular interactions. New features emerging from the model include various modes of cell-cell signaling, such as long-range chemorepulsion, short-range chemoattraction, and, in the case of the V morphotype, rotational chemotaxis. In this regard, pattern formation in microorganisms can be viewed as the result of the exchange of information between the micro-level (the individual cells) and the macro-level (the colony).
Annual Review of Microbiology - Tập 52 Số 1 - Trang 779-806 - 1998
COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION OF BACTERIAL COLONIES: From Genotype to Morphotype ▪ Abstract In nature, bacteria must often cope with difficult environmental conditions. To do so they have developed sophisticated cooperative behavior and intricate communication pathways. Utilizing these elements, motile microbial colonies frequently develop complex patterns in response to adverse growth conditions on hard surfaces under conditions of energy limitation. We employ the term morphotype to refer to specific properties of colonial development. The morphologies we discuss include a tip-splitting (T) morphotype, chiral (C) morphotype, and vortex (V) morphotype. A generic modeling approach was developed by combining a detailed study of the cellular behavior and dynamics during colonial development and invoking concepts derived from the study of pattern formation in nonliving systems. Analysis of patterning behavior of the models suggests bacterial processes whereby communication leads to self-organization by using cooperative cellular interactions. New features emerging from the model include various modes of cell-cell signaling, such as long-range chemorepulsion, short-range chemoattraction, and, in the case of the V morphotype, rotational chemotaxis. In this regard, pattern formation in microorganisms can be viewed as the result of the exchange of information between the micro-level (the individual cells) and the macro-level (the colony).
Annual Review of Microbiology - Tập 52 Số 1 - Trang 779-806 - 1998
Biochemical Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
Annual Review of Microbiology - Tập 18 Số 1 - Trang 347-366 - 1964
FLAVIVIRUS GENOME ORGANIZATION, EXPRESSION, AND REPLICATION
Annual Review of Microbiology - Tập 44 Số 1 - Trang 649-688 - 1990
Mechanisms of Solvent Tolerance in Gram-Negative Bacteria ▪ Abstract Organic solvents can be toxic to microorganisms, depending on the inherent toxicity of the solvent and the intrinsic tolerance of the bacterial species and strains. The toxicity of a given solvent correlates with the logarithm of its partition coefficient in n-octanol and water (log Pow ). Organic solvents with a log Pow between 1.5 and 4.0 are extremely toxic for microorganisms and other living cells because they partition preferentially in the cytoplasmic membrane, disorganizing its structure and impairing vital functions. Several possible mechanisms leading to solvent-tolerance in gram-negative bacteria have been proposed: (a) adaptive alterations of the membrane fatty acids and phospholipid headgroup composition, (b) formation of vesicles loaded with toxic compounds, and (c) energy-dependent active efflux pumps belonging to the resistance-nodulation–cell division (RND) family, which export toxic organic solvents to the external medium. In these mechanisms, changes in the phospholipid profile and extrusion of the solvents seem to be shared by different strains. The most significant changes in phospholipids are an increase in the melting temperature of the membranes by rapid cis-to-trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids and modifications in the phospholipid headgroups. Toluene efflux pumps are involved in solvent tolerance in several gram-negative strains, e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The AcrAB-TolC and AcrEF-TolC efflux pumps are important for n-hexane tolerance in E. coli. A number of P. putida strains have been isolated that tolerate toxic hydrocarbons such as toluene, styrene, and p-xylene. At least three efflux pumps (TtgABC, TtgDEF, and TtgGHI) are present in the most extensively characterized solvent-tolerant strain, P. putida DOT-T1E, and the number of efflux pumps has been found to correlate with the degree of solvent tolerance in different P. putida strains. The operation of these efflux pumps seems to be coupled to the proton motive force via the TonB system, although the intimate mechanism of energy transfer remains elusive. Specific and global regulators control the expression of the efflux pump operons of E. coli and P. putida at the transcriptional level.
Annual Review of Microbiology - Tập 56 Số 1 - Trang 743-768 - 2002
STRATEGIES FOR THE DISCOVERY OF SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM MARINE BACTERIA: Ecological Perspectives
Annual Review of Microbiology - Tập 48 Số 1 - Trang 559-584 - 1994
PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR PROTEINS BY BACTERIA
Annual Review of Microbiology - Tập 30 Số 1 - Trang 41-62 - 1976
Toxin-Antitoxin Systems as Phage Defense Elements Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous genetic elements in bacteria that consist of a growth-inhibiting toxin and its cognate antitoxin. These systems are prevalent in bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, and phage genomes, but individual systems are not highly conserved, even among closely related strains. The biological functions of TA systems have been controversial and enigmatic, although a handful of these systems have been shown to defend bacteria against their viral predators, bacteriophages. Additionally, their patterns of conservation—ubiquitous, but rapidly acquired and lost from genomes—as well as the co-occurrence of some TA systems with known phage defense elements are suggestive of a broader role in mediating phage defense. Here, we review the existing evidence for phage defense mediated by TA systems, highlighting how toxins are activated by phage infection and how toxins disrupt phage replication. We also discuss phage-encoded systems that counteract TA systems, underscoring the ongoing coevolutionary battle between bacteria and phage. We anticipate that TA systems will continue to emerge as central players in the innate immunity of bacteria against phage.
Annual Review of Microbiology - Tập 76 Số 1 - Trang 21-43 - 2022
Protein Secretion in Gram-Negative Bacteria via the Autotransporter Pathway Autotransporters are a large and diverse superfamily of proteins produced by pathogenic gram-negative bacteria that are composed of an N-terminal passenger domain, which typically harbors a virulence function, and a C-terminal β domain. It has long been known that the β domain anchors the protein to the outer membrane and facilitates transport of the passenger domain into the extracellular space. Despite the apparent simplicity of the autotransporter pathway, several aspects of autotransporter biogenesis remain poorly understood, most notably the mechanism by which the passenger domain is translocated across the outer membrane. Here we review recent evidence that the enormous sequence diversity of both passenger and β domains belies a remarkable conservation of structure. We also discuss insights into each stage of autotransporter biogenesis that have emerged from recent structural, biochemical, and imaging studies.
Annual Review of Microbiology - Tập 61 Số 1 - Trang 89-112 - 2007
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