The Thermal Conductivity of Earth's Core: A Key Geophysical Parameter's Constraints and UncertaintiesAnnual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences - Tập 46 Số 1 - Trang 47-66 - 2018
Quentin Williams
The thermal conductivity of iron alloys at high pressures and temperatures is a critical parameter in governing ( a) the present-day heat flow out of Earth's core, ( b) the inferred age of Earth's inner core, and ( c) the thermal evolution of Earth's core and lowermost mantle. It is, however, one of the least well-constrained important geophysical parameters, with current estimates for en...... hiện toàn bộ
Environment and Climate of Early Human EvolutionAnnual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences - Tập 43 Số 1 - Trang 405-429 - 2015
Naomi E. Levin
Evaluating the relationships between climate, the environment, and human traits is a key part of human origins research because changes in Earth's atmosphere, oceans, landscapes, and ecosystems over the past 10 Myr shaped the selection pressures experienced by early humans. In Africa, these relationships have been influenced by a combination of high-latitude ice distributions, sea surface ...... hiện toàn bộ
Biomarker Records Associated with Mass Extinction EventsAnnual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences - Tập 44 Số 1 - Trang 581-612 - 2016
Jessica H. Whiteside, Kliti Grice
The history of life on Earth is punctuated by a series of mass extinction episodes that vary widely in their magnitude, duration, and cause. Biomarkers are a powerful tool for the reconstruction of historical environmental conditions and can therefore provide insights into the cause and responses to ancient extinction events. In examining the five largest mass extinctions in the geologica...... hiện toàn bộ
The Redox State of Earth's MantleAnnual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences - Tập 36 Số 1 - Trang 389-420 - 2008
D. J. Frost, Catherine McCammon
Oxygen thermobarometry measurements on spinel peridotite rocks indicate that the oxygen fugacity at the top of the upper mantle falls within ±2 log units of the fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) oxygen buffer. Measurements on garnet peridotites from cratonic lithosphere reveal a general decrease in fo2 with depth, which appears to result principally from the effect of p...... hiện toàn bộ
The Origin(s) of WhalesAnnual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences - Tập 38 Số 1 - Trang 189-219 - 2010
Mark D. Uhen
Whales are first found in the fossil record approximately 52.5 million years ago (Mya) during the early Eocene in Indo-Pakistan. Our knowledge of early and middle Eocene whales has increased dramatically during the past three decades to the point where hypotheses of whale origins can be supported with a great deal of evidence from paleontology, anatomy, stratigraphy, and molecular biology....... hiện toàn bộ
Groundwater Age and Groundwater Age DatingAnnual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences - Tập 36 Số 1 - Trang 121-152 - 2008
Craig M. Bethke, Thomas M. Johnson
A new way of thinking about groundwater age is changing the field of groundwater age dating. Following a rigorous definition of age, a groundwater sample is seen not as water that recharged the flow regime at a point in the past, but as a mixture of waters that have resided in the subsurface for varying lengths of time. This recognition resolves longstanding inconsistencies encountered in...... hiện toàn bộ