Willingness to Communicate in English: A Microsystem Model in the IranianEFLClassroom Context

TESOL Quarterly - Tập 50 Số 1 - Trang 154-180 - 2016
Gholam Hassan Khajavy1, Behzad Ghonsooly1, Azar Hosseini Fatemi1, Charles W. Choi2
1Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2Pepperdine University Malibu CA United States

Tóm tắt

This study examined willingness to communicate (WTC) in English among IranianEFLlearners in the classroom context. For this purpose, a second language willingness to communicate (L2WTC) model based onWTCtheory (MacIntyre, Clément, Dörnyei, & Noels, 1998) and empirical studies was proposed and tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). This model examined the interrelationships amongWTCin English, communication confidence, motivation, classroom environment, attitudes toward learning English, and English language achievement. A total of 243 English‐major university students in Iran completed a questionnaire. The proposedSEMmodel adequately fitted the data. Results of theSEMindicated that classroom environment was the strongest direct predictor of L2WTC; communication confidence directly affectedWTC; motivation indirectly affectedWTCthrough communication confidence; English language proficiency indirectly affectedWTCthrough communication confidence; and the classroom environment directly affected attitudes, motivation, and communication confidence.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1111/0023‐8333.00119

Bronfenbrenner U., 1979, The ecology of human development, 10.4159/9780674028845

Byrne B. M., 2010, Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming

Cao Y., 2009, Making a difference: Challenges for applied linguistics, 199

10.1016/j.system.2011.10.016

10.1075/aral.36.2.03cao

10.1002/tesq.155

10.1016/j.system.2006.05.002

Cetinkaya Y. B., 2005, Turkish college students' willingness to communicate in English as a foreign language

10.1016/B978-0-08-024696-3.50027-2

10.1177/0261927X8600500403

10.1177/0261927X03022002003

10.1111/j.1467‐1770.1994.tb01113.x

10.1037/0033‐2909.112.1.155

10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7

10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01

10.1007/s11133‐010‐9157‐x

10.1142/9789812774651_0001

10.1111/j.1467‐1770.1990.tb00954.x

10.2307/330107

Dörnyei Z., 2005, The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition

10.1007/978‐0‐387‐46301‐8_47

10.1017/CBO9780511667138

Fraser B. J. Fisher D. L. &McRobbie C. J. (1996 April).Development validation and use of personal and class forms of a new classroom environment instrument. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association New York NY.

Gardner R. C, 1985, Social psychology and second language learning: The roles of attitudes and motivation

Gardner R. C., 1972, Attitudes and motivation in second language learning

10.1111/j.1540‐4781.1997.tb05495.x

10.1177/0261927X12438538

Hair J. F., 1998, Multivariate data analysis

10.4304/tpls.1.4.319‐326

10.2307/3586302

10.1080/10705519909540118

Hussain M. A, 2010, The influence of learning environment on learners' attitude in a foreign language setting, Language in India, 10, 573

10.1016/j.system.2004.10.004

Khodadady E., 2013, Exploring the role of anxiety and motivation in foreign language achievement: A structural equation modeling approach, Porta Linguarum, 20, 269

Kim S. J., 2004, Exploring willingness to communicate (WTC) in English among Korean EFL (English as a foreign language) students in Korea: WTC as a predictor of success in second language acquisition

Kline R. B., 2011, Principles and practice of structural equation modeling

Kubanyiova M., 2007, Teacher development in action: An empirically based model of promoting conceptual change in in‐service language teachers in Slovakia

10.1007/978-94-017-0341-3

Lee S. S. U &Fraser B. J.(2002).Laboratory classroom environments in Korean high schools. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association New Orleans Louisiana.

10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130

MacIntyre P. D, 1999, Affect in foreign language and second language learning, 24

10.1080/01463379909370135

10.1111/1467‐9922.00194

10.1177/0261927X960151001

10.2307/330224

10.1093/applin/amq037

10.1007/s10984‐008‐9052‐5

McCroskey J. C. &Baer J. E. (1985 November).Willingness to communicate: The construct and its measurement. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association Denver CO. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED265604)

Moss D., 2003, Second language acquisition in adults: From research to practice

10.1111/0023‐8333.00111

Noora A, 2008, Iranian undergraduates non‐English majors' language learning preferences, GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 8, 33

Olsen R., 1992, Cooperative language learning: A teacher's response book, 1

10.2307/329249

Palacios L. M., 1998, Foreign language anxiety and classroom environment: A study of Spanish university students

10.1111/j.1467‐9922.2011.00632.x

Peng J., 2009, Exploring willingness to communicate (WTC) in English in Chinese EFL university classrooms: A mixed methods approach

10.1016/j.system.2012.02.002

10.1111/j.1467‐9922.2010.00576.x

Pishghadam R., 2011, Culture and education: Bringing to light the views of Iranian students of English, French and Arabic majors towards learning and teaching, International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 2, 21

Price M. L., 1991, Language anxiety: From theory and research to classroom implications, 101

10.1037/0022‐3514.57.5.749

Ryan S., 2008, The ideal L2 selves of Japanese learners of English

Tabachnick B. G., 2007, Using multivariate statistics

10.21832/9781847691293-005

Telli S. Cakiroglu J. &Rakici N. (2003 August).Learning environment and students' attitudes towards biology. Paper presented at the meeting of the Fourth European Science Education Research Association Conference Noordwijkerhout Netherlands.

10.1111/j.1467‐9922.2008.00444.x

Weaver C, 2005, Using the Rasch model to develop a measure of second language learners' willingness to communicate within a language classroom, Journal of Applied Measurement, 6, 396

10.1080/07908310308666654

Williams M., 1997, Psychology for language teachers: A social constructivist approach

10.1016/j.system.2003.04.001

10.1111/1540‐4781.00136

10.1111/j.1467‐9922.2004.00250.x