Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues
Tóm tắt
Environmental contamination due to solid waste mismanagement is a global issue. Open dumping and open burning are the main implemented waste treatment and final disposal systems, mainly visible in low-income countries. This paper reviews the main impacts due to waste mismanagement in developing countries, focusing on environmental contamination and social issues. The activity of the informal sector in developing cities was also reviewed, focusing on the main health risks due to waste scavenging. Results reported that the environmental impacts are pervasive worldwide: marine litter, air, soil and water contamination, and the direct interaction of waste pickers with hazardous waste are the most important issues. Many reviews were published in the scientific literature about specific waste streams, in order to quantify its effect on the environment. This narrative literature review assessed global issues due to different waste fractions showing how several sources of pollution are affecting the environment, population health, and sustainable development. The results and case studies presented can be of reference for scholars and stakeholders for quantifying the comprehensive impacts and for planning integrated solid waste collection and treatment systems, for improving sustainability at a global level.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Gupta, 2015, A review on current status of municipal solid waste management in India, J. Environ. Sci. (China), 37, 206, 10.1016/j.jes.2015.01.034
Faceli, 2017, Technologies and decision support systems to aid solid-waste management: A systematic review, Waste Manag., 59, 567, 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.045
Bing, 2016, Research challenges in municipal solid waste logistics management, Waste Manag., 48, 584, 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.025
The World Bank (2012). What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management, The World Bank.
Ferronato, 2019, Introduction of the circular economy within developing regions: A comparative analysis of advantages and opportunities for waste valorization, J. Environ. Manag., 230, 366, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.095
Imam, 2008, Solid waste management in Abuja, Nigeria, Waste Manag., 28, 468, 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.006
Vongdala, N., Tran, H.D., Xuan, T.D., Teschke, R., and Khanh, T.D. (2019). Heavy metal accumulation in water, soil, and plants of municipal solid waste landfill in Vientiane, Laos. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.
Wiedinmyer, 2014, Global emissions of trace gases, particulate matter, and hazardous air pollutants from open burning of domestic wastE, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 9523, 10.1021/es502250z
Gutberlet, 2008, Informal recycling and occupational health in Santo André, Brazil, Int. J. Environ. Health Res., 18, 1, 10.1080/09603120701844258
UNEP-Global (2009). Marine Litter: A Global Challenge, UNEP.
(2016). Sustainable Development Goals Fund Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production, SDG Fund. United Nations Dev. Program.
UN (2018). The Sustainable Development Goals Report, UN.
Wilson, D.C., and Velis, C.A. (2015). Waste management—Still a global challenge in the 21st century: An evidence-based call for action. Waste Manag. Res., 1049–1051.
Hettiarachchi, H., Meegoda, J.N., and Ryu, S. (2018). Organic Waste Buyback as a Viable Method to Enhance Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.
Ouda, 2016, Waste to energy potential: A case study of Saudi Arabia, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 61, 328, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.005
Sadef, 2016, Waste-to-energy and recycling value for developing integrated solid waste management plan in Lahore, Energy Sources Part B Econ. Plan. Policy, 11, 569, 10.1080/15567249.2015.1052595
Sawadogo, 2018, Cleaner production in Burkina Faso: Case study of fuel briquettes made from cashew industry waste, J. Clean. Prod., 195, 1047, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.261
Ghisolfi, 2017, System dynamics applied to closed loop supply chains of desktops and laptops in Brazil: A perspective for social inclusion of waste pickers, Waste Manag., 60, 14, 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.018
Matter, 2015, Impacts of policy and market incentives for solid waste recycling in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Waste Manag., 39, 321, 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.032
Lohri, 2016, Char fuel production in developing countries—A review of urban biowaste carbonization, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 59, 1514, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.088
Ongondo, 2011, How are WEEE doing? A global review of the management of electrical and electronic wastes, Waste Manag., 31, 714, 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.023
Thi, 2015, An overview of food waste management in developing countries: Current status and future perspective, J. Environ. Manag., 157, 220, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.022
Lim, 2016, Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis, J. Clean. Prod., 111, 262, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083
Bernardes, 2004, Recycling of batteries: A review of current processes and technologies, J. Power Sources, 130, 291, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.026
Ezeah, 2013, Emerging trends in informal sector recycling in developing and transition countries, Waste Manag., 33, 2509, 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.06.020
Brown, 2016, The urban informal economy, local inclusion and achieving a global green transformation, Habitat Int., 53, 97, 10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.002
Tian, 2013, Atmospheric pollution problems and control proposals associated with solid waste management in China: A review, J. Hazard. Mater., 252, 152
Inglezakis, 2015, Household hazardous waste management: A review, J. Environ. Manag., 150, 310, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.11.021
Ali, 2017, Hospital waste management in developing countries: A mini review, Waste Manag. Res., 35, 581, 10.1177/0734242X17691344
Ferronato, 2017, Waste mismanagement in developing countries: A case study of environmental contamination, UPB Sci. Bull. Ser. D Mech. Eng., 79, 185
Yukalang, N., Clarke, B., and Ross, K. (2017). Barriers to effective municipal solid waste management in a rapidly urbanizing area in Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.
Vaccari, M., Vinti, G., and Tudor, T. (2018). An Analysis of the Risk Posed by Leachate from Dumpsites in Developing Countries. Environments, 5.
Sasaki, 2014, Estimating the possible range of recycling rates achieved by dump waste pickers: The case of Bantar Gebang in Indonesia, Waste Manag. Res., 32, 474, 10.1177/0734242X14535651
Linzner, 2014, Municipal solid waste recycling and the significance of informal sector in urban China, Waste Manag. Res., 32, 896, 10.1177/0734242X14543555
Singh, 2018, Health risk assessment of the workers exposed to the heavy metals in e-waste recycling sites of Chandigarh and Ludhiana, Punjab, India, Chemosphere, 203, 426, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.138
Gutberlet, 2013, Participatory research revealing the work and occupational health hazards of cooperative recyclers in Brazil, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 10, 4607, 10.3390/ijerph10104607
Modak, P., Wilson, D.C., and Velis, C. (2015). Waste management: Global status. Global Waste Management Outlook, UNEP.
Manaf, 2009, Municipal solid waste management in Malaysia: Practices and challenges, Waste Manag., 29, 2902, 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.07.015
Sanneh, 2011, Introduction of a recycling system for sustainable municipal solid waste management: A case study on the greater Banjul area of the Gambia, Environ. Dev. Sustain., 13, 1065, 10.1007/s10668-011-9305-9
Seng, 2018, Households’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward solid waste management in suburbs of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Waste Manag. Res., 36, 993, 10.1177/0734242X18790800
Chiemchaisri, 2007, Municipal solid waste management in Thailand and disposal emission inventory, Environ. Monit. Assess., 135, 13, 10.1007/s10661-007-9707-1
Sharkas, 2015, Public concerns about and perceptions of solid waste dump sites and selection of sanitary landfill sites in the West Bank, Palestinian territory, Environ. Monit. Assess., 187, 186, 10.1007/s10661-015-4401-1
Aderoju, O.M., Dias, G.A., and Gonçalves, A.J. (2018). A GIS-based analysis for sanitary landfill sites in Abuja, Nigeria. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 1–24.
Tokai, 2015, Analyzing the structure of barriers to municipal solid waste management policy planning in Maputo city, Mozambique, Environ. Dev., 16, 76, 10.1016/j.envdev.2015.07.002
Torretta, V., Ferronato, N., Katsoyiannis, I.A., Tolkou, A.K., and Airoldi, M. (2017). Novel and conventional technologies for landfill leachates treatment: A review. Sustainain, 9.
Karak, 2013, Non-segregated municipal solid waste in an open dumping ground: A potential contaminant in relation to environmental health, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 10, 503, 10.1007/s13762-013-0184-5
Babu, 2010, Studies on environmental quality in and around municipal solid waste dumpsite, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 55, 129, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.08.003
Parameswari, 2015, Assessment of soil contamination around municipal solid waste dumpsite, Indian J. Sci. Technol., 8, 36, 10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i36/87437
Prechthai, 2008, Assessment of heavy metal contamination and its mobilization from municipal solid waste open dumping site, J. Hazard. Mater., 156, 86, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.119
Kanmani, 2012, Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil due to leachate migration from an open dumping site, Appl. Water Sci., 3, 193, 10.1007/s13201-012-0072-z
2012, Assessment of metal pollution in soils from a former Havana (Cuba) solid waste open dump, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 88, 182, 10.1007/s00128-011-0505-7
Ihedioha, 2017, Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil of a municipal solid waste dump in Uyo, Nigeria, Environ. Geochem. Health, 39, 497, 10.1007/s10653-016-9830-4
Garrido, 2008, Assessment of groundwater contamination by landfill leachate: A case in México, Waste Manag., 28, S33, 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.03.024
Ashraf, 2013, Study of contaminant transport at an open-tipping waste disposal site, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 20, 4689, 10.1007/s11356-012-1423-x
2015, Impact of landfill leachate on the groundwater quality: A case study in Egypt, J. Adv. Res., 6, 579, 10.1016/j.jare.2014.02.003
Efrymson, M.E., and Will, G.W.S. (1997). Toxicological Benchmarks for Contaminants of Potential Concern for Effects on Soil and Litter Invertebrates and Heterotrophic Process. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
World Health Organisation (2004). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, WHO Libr. Cat. Data. [3rd ed.].
Themelis, 2007, Methane generation in landfills, Renew. Energy, 32, 1243, 10.1016/j.renene.2006.04.020
Boucher, 2009, The indirect global warming potential and global temperature change potential due to methane oxidation, Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 0440077, 10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/044007
Manfredi, 2009, Landfilling of waste: Accounting of greenhouse gases and global warming contributions, Waste Manag. Res., 27, 825, 10.1177/0734242X09348529
Zhao, 2011, Environmental impact assessment of solid waste management in Beijing City, China, Waste Manag., 31, 793, 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.11.007
Kumar, 2004, Estimation method for national methane emission from solid waste landfills, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3481, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.057
Ramachandra, 2018, Municipal solid waste: Generation, composition and GHG emissions in Bangalore, India, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 82, 1122, 10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.085
Derraik, 2002, The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44, 842, 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5
Conesa, 2016, Marine debris occurrence and treatment: A review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 64, 394, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.031
Cheshire, A., Adler, E., Barbière, J., Cohen, Y., Sverker, E., Jarayabhand, S., Jeftic, L., Jung, R.-T., Kinsey, S., and Kusui, E.T. (2009). UNEP/IOC Guidelines on Survey and Monitoring of Marine Litter, UNEP.
Andrady, 2015, Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean, Science, 347, 768, 10.1126/science.1260352
Andrady, 2011, Microplastics in the marine environment, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 62, 1596, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
Costa, 2014, The present and future of microplastic pollution in the marine environment, Environ. Pollut., 185, 352, 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.036
Canals, 2019, Floating microplastics and aggregate formation in the Western Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 140, 523, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.053
Slat, B., Jansen, H., de Sonneville, J., Arens, E., Bolle, E., Brugman, H., Campbell, H., Christiane, P., Dekker, M., and Diamant, S. (2019, January 15). Available online: https://www.theoceancleanup.com/.
Tue, 2016, Release of chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dioxin-related compounds to soils from open burning of e-waste in Agbogbloshie (Accra, Ghana), J. Hazard. Mater., 302, 151, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.062
Minh, 2003, Open dumping site in Asian developing countries: A potential source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 1493, 10.1021/es026078s
Bastian, 2013, ichi Behavior of PCDD/Fs during open burning of municipal solid waste in open dumping sites, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 15, 229, 10.1007/s10163-012-0114-5
Ragazzi, 2013, Management of atmospheric pollutants from waste incineration processes: The case of Bozen, Waste Manag. Res., 31, 235, 10.1177/0734242X12472707
Wilson, 2018, Uncontrolled burning of solid waste by households in Mexico is a significant contributor to climate change in the country, Environ. Res., 163, 280, 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.042
Barabad, M.L.M., Jung, W., Versoza, M.E., Lee, Y.I., Choi, K., and Park, D. (2018). Characteristics of particulate matter and volatile organic compound emissions from the combustion of waste vinyl. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.
Diaz, 2008, Characteristics of healthcare wastes, Waste Manag., 28, 1219, 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.04.010
WHO (2014). Safe Management of Wastes from Health-Care Activities, WHO.
Ali, 2009, Status and challenges of hospital solid waste management: Case studies from Thailand, Pakistan, and Mongolia, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 11, 251, 10.1007/s10163-009-0238-4
Manga, 2011, Health care waste management in Cameroon: A case study from the Southwestern Region, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 57, 108, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.10.002
Ali, 2016, Management of wastes from hospitals: A case study in Pakistan, Waste Manag. Res., 34, 87, 10.1177/0734242X15616474
Balakrishnan, 2013, Infectious risk assessment of unsafe handling practices and management of clinical solid waste, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 10, 556, 10.3390/ijerph10020556
Hossain, 2011, Clinical solid waste management practices and its impact on human health and environment—A review, Waste Manag., 31, 754, 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.11.008
Sato, 2009, Solid health care waste management status at health care centers in the West Bank—Palestinian Territory, Waste Manag., 29, 2398, 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.014
Olomolaiye, 2008, Medical waste management in Ibadan, Nigeria: Obstacles and prospects, Waste Manag., 29, 804
Patwary, 2011, An illicit economy: Scavenging and recycling of medical waste, J. Environ. Manag., 92, 2900, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.051
Patwary, 2011, Assessment of occupational and environmental safety associated with medical waste disposal in developing countries: A qualitative approach, Saf. Sci., 49, 1200, 10.1016/j.ssci.2011.04.001
Windfeld, 2015, Medical waste management—A review, J. Environ. Manag., 163, 98, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.08.013
Johnson, 2013, Improving waste segregation while reducing costs in a tertiary-care hospital in a lower-middle-income country in Central America, Waste Manag. Res., 31, 733, 10.1177/0734242X13484192
Kumar, 2017, E-waste: An overview on generation, collection, legislation and recycling practices, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 122, 32, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.018
Baldé, C.P., Wang, F., Kuehr, R., and Huisman, J. (2014). The Global E-Waste Monitor, United Nations University (UNU-IAS).
Garlapati, 2016, E-waste in India and developed countries: Management, recycling, business and biotechnological initiatives, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 54, 874, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.106
World Loop (2019, February 01). World Loop, Changing the E-Waste Cycle—Illegal Flows. Available online: http://worldloop.org/e-waste/illegal-flows/.
Yang, 2008, WEEE flow and mitigating measures in China, Waste Manag., 28, 1589, 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.08.019
Nnorom, 2008, Overview of electronic waste (e-waste) management practices and legislations, and their poor applications in the developing countries, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 52, 843, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.01.004
Olafisoye, 2013, Heavy metals contamination of water, soil, and plants around an electronic waste dumpsite, Polish J. Environ. Stud., 22, 1431
Wakida, 2012, Heavy metals pollution in the soil of an irregular urban settlement built on a former dumpsite in the city of Tijuana, Mexico, Environ. Earth Sci., 66, 1239, 10.1007/s12665-011-1335-y
Zand, 2008, Current situation of used household batteries in Iran and appropriate management policies, Waste Manag., 28, 2085, 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.013
Osibanjo, 2007, The challenge of electronic waste (e-waste) management in developing countries, Waste Manag. Res., 25, 489, 10.1177/0734242X07082028
Cucchiella, 2015, Recycling of WEEEs: An economic assessment of present and future e-waste streams, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 51, 263, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.010
Ikhlayel, 2018, An integrated approach to establish e-waste management systems for developing countries, J. Clean. Prod., 170, 119, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.137
Torretta, 2013, Management of waste electrical and electronic equipment in two EU countries: A comparison, Waste Manag., 33, 117, 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.07.029
Shen, 2004, Mapping Approach for Examining Waste Management on Construction Sites, J. Constr. Eng. Manag., 130, 472, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2004)130:4(472)
Yang, 2017, Urban construction and demolition waste and landfill failure in Shenzhen, China, Waste Manag., 63, 393, 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.026
Thongkamsuk, 2017, Waste generated in high-rise buildings construction: A current situation in Thailand, Energy Procedia, 138, 411, 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.186
Kofoworola, 2009, Estimation of construction waste generation and management in Thailand, Waste Manag., 29, 731, 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.07.004
Gracia, 2010, Sustainable construction: Construction and demolition waste reconsidered, Waste Manag. Res., 28, 118, 10.1177/0734242X09103841
Lockrey, 2016, Recycling the construction and demolition waste in Vietnam: Opportunities and challenges in practice, J. Clean. Prod., 133, 757, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.175
Esa, 2017, Developing strategies for managing construction and demolition wastes in Malaysia based on the concept of circular economy, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 19, 1144, 10.1007/s10163-016-0516-x
Manowong, 2012, Investigating factors influencing construction waste management efforts in developing countries: An experience from Thailand, Waste Manag. Res., 30, 56, 10.1177/0734242X10387012
Trulli, 2015, Treatment and disposal of tyres: Two EU approaches. A review, Waste Manag., 45, 152, 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.018
Yevtushenko, 2006, Distribution of friction heat between a stationary pin and rotating ring, Arch. Appl. Mech., 76, 33, 10.1007/s00419-006-0003-2
Shakya, 2008, Studies on potential emission of hazardous gases due to uncontrolled open-air burning of waste vehicle tyres and their possible impacts on the environment, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6555, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04.013
Cooper, 1980, Environmental impact of residential wood combustion emissions and its implications, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 30, 855, 10.1080/00022470.1980.10465119
Pandolfi, 2017, Outdoor and indoor particle characterization from a large and uncontrolled combustion of a tire landfill, Sci. Total Environ., 593–594, 543
Spak, 2015, Uncontrolled combustion of shredded tires in a landfill—Part 2: Population exposure, public health response, and an air quality index for urban fires, Atmos. Environ., 104, 273, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.002
Park, 2018, Challenges in implementing the extended producer responsibility in an emerging economy: The end-of-life tire management in Colombia, J. Clean. Prod., 189, 754, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.058
Banguera, 2018, Reverse logistics network design under extended producer responsibility: The case of out-of-use tires in the Gran Santiago city of Chile, Int. J. Prod. Econ., 205, 193, 10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.09.006
Zarei, 2018, Survey of quantity and management condition of end-of-life tires in Iran: A case study in Tabriz, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 20, 1099, 10.1007/s10163-017-0674-5
Liu, 2016, Pollution Status and Environmental Sound Management (ESM) Trends on Typical General Industrial Solid Waste, Procedia Environ. Sci., 31, 615, 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.111
Rao, 2011, Assessment of groundwater contamination from a hazardous dump site in Ranipet, Tamil Nadu, India, Hydrogeol. J., 19, 1587, 10.1007/s10040-011-0771-9
Carvalho, F.M., Tavares, T.M., and Lins, L. (2018). Soil contamination by a lead smelter in Brazil in the view of the local residents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.
Mbuligwe, 2006, Assessment of industrial solid waste management and resource recovery practices in Tanzania, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 47, 260, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2005.11.002
Damalas, 2008, Assessing farmers’ practices on disposal of pesticide waste after use, Sci. Total Environ., 390, 341, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.028
Yilmaz, 2017, Hazardous waste management system design under population and environmental impact considerations, J. Environ. Manag., 203, 720, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.015
Wilson, 2009, Building recycling rates through the informal sector, Waste Manag., 29, 629, 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.016
Steuer, 2018, Can Beijing’s informal waste recycling sector survive amidst worsening circumstances?, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 128, 59, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.026
Uddin, 2018, Livelihoods and health status of informal recyclers in Mongolia, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 134, 1, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.02.006
Kasinja, C., and Tilley, E. (2018). Formalization of informal waste pickers’ cooperatives in Blantyre, Malawi: A feasibility assessment. Sustainain, 10.
Nemadire, 2017, Formalising informal solid waste recycling at the Pomona dumpsite in Harare, Zimbabwe, Nat. Resour. Forum, 41, 167, 10.1111/1477-8947.12130
Vaccari, 2016, Resource recovery from waste by Roma in the Balkans: A case study from Zavidovici (BiH), Waste Manag. Res., 34, 866, 10.1177/0734242X16652964
Romallosa, A., and Kraft, E. (2017). Feasibility of Biomass Briquette Production from Municipal Waste Streams by Integrating the Informal Sector in the Philippines. Resources, 6.
Black, 2019, The health risks of informal waste workers in the Kathmandu Valley: A cross-sectional survey, Public Health, 166, 10, 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.09.026
Rockson, 2013, Activities of scavengers and itinerant buyers in Greater Accra, Ghana, Habitat Int., 39, 148, 10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.11.008
Vergara, 2016, The Efficiency of Informality: Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Reductions from Informal Recycling in Bogotá, Colombia, J. Ind. Ecol., 20, 107, 10.1111/jiec.12257
Jaligot, 2016, Applying value chain analysis to informal sector recycling: A case study of the Zabaleen, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 114, 80, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.006
Kumar, 2018, Estimation of the generation rate of different types of plastic wastes and possible revenue recovery from informal recycling, Waste Manag., 79, 781, 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.045
Medina, 2005, Serving the unserved: Informal refuse collection in Mexico, Waste Manag. Res., 23, 390, 10.1177/0734242X05057698
Ghosh, 2016, Sustainable SWM in Developing Countries Focusing on Faster Growing Economies, India and China, Procedia Environ. Sci., 35, 176, 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.073
Bernard, 2016, Environmental sciences, sustainable development and circular economy: Alternative concepts for trans-disciplinary research, Environ. Dev., 17, 48, 10.1016/j.envdev.2015.09.002
Fiksel, 2018, Transforming waste into resources for the Indian economy, Environ. Dev., 26, 123, 10.1016/j.envdev.2018.02.002
Reike, 2018, The circular economy: New or Refurbished as CE 3.0?—Exploring Controversies in the Conceptualization of the Circular Economy through a Focus on History and Resource Value Retention Options, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 135, 246, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.027
Velis, 2017, Waste pickers in Global South: Informal recycling sector in a circular economy era, Waste Manag. Res., 35, 329, 10.1177/0734242X17702024
Srivastava, 2015, Urban solid waste management in the developing world with emphasis on India: Challenges and opportunities, Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio-Technol., 14, 317, 10.1007/s11157-014-9352-4
Pardo Martínez, C.I., and Piña, W.A. (2017). Solid waste management in Bogotá: The role of recycling associations as investigated through SWOT analysis. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 1067–1086.
Olley, 2014, Developing a common framework for integrated solid waste management advances in Managua, Nicaragua, Waste Manag. Res., 32, 822, 10.1177/0734242X14545640
Ziraba, 2016, A review and framework for understanding the potential impact of poor solid waste management on health in developing countries, Arch. Public Health, 74, 55, 10.1186/s13690-016-0166-4
Ferronato, 2019, How to improve Recycling Rate in Developing big cities: An Integrated Approach for assessing Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Treatment Scenarios, Environ. Dev., 29, 94, 10.1016/j.envdev.2019.01.002
Jaca, 2018, Towards a consensus on the circular economy, J. Clean. Prod., 179, 605, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.224
Geissdoerfer, 2017, The Circular Economy—A new sustainability paradigm?, J. Clean. Prod., 143, 757, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048