Using the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System Tower Test to Examine ADHD Sensitivity in Children: Expanding Analysis Beyond the Summary Score
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adólfsdóttir, S., Haász, J., Wehling, E., Ystad, M., Lundervold, A., & Lundervold, A. J. (2014). Salient measures of inhibition and switching are associated with frontal lobe gray matter volume in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Neuropsychology, 28(6), 859–869.
Akobeng, A. K. (2006). Understanding diagnostic tests 1: sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. Acta Paediatrica, 96, 338–341.
Alloway, T. P. (2010). Working memory and executive function profiles of individuals with borderline intellectual functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(5), 448–456.
Alvarez, J. A., & Emory, E. (2005). Executive function and the frontal lobes: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology Review, 16(1), 17–42.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.
Anderson, V. (2001). Assessing executive functions in children: biological, psychological, and developmental considerations. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 4(3), 119–136.
Anderson, P. (2002). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8(2), 71–82.
Anderson, V., Anderson, P., Northam, E., Jacobs, R., & Catroppa, C. (2001). Development of executive functions through late childhood and adolescence in an Australian sample. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20(1), 385–406.
Anderson, B., Storfer-Isser, A., Tylor, G., Rosen, C. L., & Redline, S. (2009). Associations of executive function with sleepiness and sleep duration in adolescents. Pediatrics, 123(4), e701–e707.
Ardila, A. (2008). On the evolutionary origins of executive functions. Brain and Cognition, 68, 92–99.
Ardila, A., Pineda, D., & Rosselli, M. (2000). Correlation between intelligence test scores and executive function measures. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15(1), 31–36.
Arnsten, A. (2009). Toward a new understanding of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pathophysiology: an important role for prefrontal cortex dysfunction. CNS Drugs, 23(1), 33–41.
Barbey, A. K., Colom, R., Solomon, J., Krueger, F., Forbes, C., & Grafman, J. (2012). An integrative architecture for general intelligence and executive function revealed by lesion mapping. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 135, 1154–1164.
Barkley, R. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 65–94.
Barkley, R. (2000). Genetics of childhood disorders: XVII. ADHD, part 1: the executive functions and ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(8), 1064–1068.
Baron, I. (2004). Test review: Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. Child Neuropsychology, 10(2), 147–152.
Berg, C., Farrar Edwards, D., & King, A. (2012). Executive function performance on the Children’s Kitchen Task Assessment with children with sickle cell disease and matched controls. Child Neuropsychology, 18(5), 432–448.
Berlin, L., Bohlin, G., Nyberg, L., & Janols, L. (2004). How well do measures of inhibition and other executive functions discriminate between children with ADHD and controls? Child Neuropsychology, 10(1), 1–13.
Best, J., Miller, P., & Jones, L. (2009). Executive functions after age 5: changes and correlates. Developmental Review, 29(3), 180–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2009.05.002 .
Bishop, D., Aamodt-Leeper, G., Creswell, C., McGurk, R., & Skuse, D. (2001). Individual differences in cognitive planning on the Tower of Hanoi task: neuropsychological maturity or measurement error? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(4), 551–556.
Bledsoe, J. C., Semrud-Clikeman, M., & Pliszka, S. R. (2013). Anterior cingulate cortex and symptom severity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(8), 558–565.
Bodimeade, H. L., Whittingham, K., Lloyd, O., & Boyd, R. N. (2013). Executive function in children and adolescents with unilateral cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 55(10), 926–933.
Bodnar, L. E., Prahme, M. C., Cutting, L. E., Denckla, M. B., & Mahone, E. M. (2007). Construct validity of parent ratings of inhibitory control. Child Neuropsychology, 13, 345–362.
Boschloo, A., Krabbendam, L., Aben, A., de Groot, R., & Jolles, J. (2014). Sorting Test, Tower Test, and BRIEF-SR do not predict school performance of healthy adolescents in preuniversity education. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–8.
Boyer, B. E., Geurts, H. M., & Van der Oord, S. (2014). Planning skills of adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714538658 .
Boyer, B. E., Geurts, H. M., Prins, P. J. M., & Van der Oord, S. (2015). Two novel CBTs for adolescents with ADHD: the value of planning skills. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(9), 1075–1090.
Campbell, L. K., Scaduto, M., Van Slyke, D., Niarhos, F., Whitlock, J. A., & Compas, B. E. (2009). Executive function, coping, and behavior in survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(3), 317–327.
Cassidy, A., White, M., DeMaso, D., Newburger, J., & Bellinger, D. (2015). Executive function in children and adolescents with critical cyanotic congenital heart disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20, 34–49.
Castellino, S. M., Tooze, J. A., Flowers, L., Hill, D. F., McMullen, K. P., Shaw, E. G., & Parsons, S. K. (2012). Toxicity and efficacy of the acetylcholinesterase (AChe) inhibitor donepezil in childhood brain tumor survivors: a pilot study. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 59(3), 540–547.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). State-based prevalence data of parent reported ADHD diagnosis by a health care provider. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/prevalence.html
Chugani, H. T., Phelps, M. E., & Mazziotta, J. C. (1987). Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development. Annals of Neurology, 22, 287–297.
Chung, H. J., Weyandt, L. L., & Swentosky, A. (2014). The physiology of executive functioning. In S. Goldstein & J. A. Naglieri (Eds.), Handbook of executive functioning (pp. 13–27). New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
Collette, F., Van der Linden, M., Laureys, S., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., & Salmon, E. (2005). Exploring the unity and diversity of the neural substrates of executive functioning. Human Brain Mapping, 25(4), 409–423.
Conners, C. K., & Multi-Health Systems Staff. (2004). Conner’s Continuous Performance Test II technical guide and software manual. North Tonawanda: Multi-Health Systems.
Davidson, F., Cherry, K., & Corkum, P. (2016). Validating the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning for children with ADHD and their typically developing peers. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 5(2), 127–137.
Delis, D., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. (2001a). Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System examiner’s manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
Delis, D., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. (2001b). Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System technical manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
Delis, D., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Holdnack, J. (2004). Reliability and validity of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: an update. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 301–303.
Duff, C. T., & Sulla, E. M. (2015). Measuring executive function in the differential diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: does it really tell us anything? Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 4(3), 188–196.
Durston, S. (2003). A review of the biological bases of ADHD: what have we learned from imaging studies? Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 9, 84–95.
Farooqi, A., Adamsson, M., Serenius, F., & Hägglöf, B. (2016). Executive functioning and learning skills of adolescent children born at fewer than 26 weeks of gestation. PLoS One, 11(3), e0151819.
Frank, Y., & Pavlakis, S. G. (2001). Brain imaging in neurobehavioral disorders. Pediatric Neurology, 25(4), 278–287.
Fuster, J. M. (2002). Frontal lobe and cognitive development. Journal of Neurocytology, 31, 373–385.
Gaillard, W. D., Hertz-Pannier, L., Mott, S. H., Barnett, A. S., LeBihan, D., & Theodore, W. H. (2000). Functional anatomy of cognitive development: fMRI of verbal fluency in children and adults. Neurology, 54, 180–185.
Geurts, H., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. (2005). ADHD subtypes: do they differ in their executive functioning profile? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 457–477.
Gioia, G., Isquith, P., Guy, S., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function professional manual. Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Glass, L., Ware, A., Crocker, N., Deweese, B., Coles, C., Kable, J., et al. (2013). Neuropsychological deficits associated with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure are not exacerbated by ADHD. Neuropsychology, 6, 713–724.
Goldberg, E., & Bougakov, D. (2005). Neuropsychologic assessment of frontal lobe dysfunction. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 28, 567–580.
Holmes, J., Gathercole, S. E., Place, M., Alloway, T. P., Elliott, J. G., & Hilton, K. A. (2010). The diagnostic utility of executive function assessments in the identification of ADHD in children. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 15(1), 37–43.
Holmes, J., Hilton, K. A., Place, M., Alloway, T. P., Elliott, J. G., & Gathercole, S. E. (2014). Children with low working memory and children with ADHD: same or different? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 976. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00976 .
Hornberger, M., Geng, J., & Hodges, J. R. (2011). Convergent grey and white matter evidence of orbitofrontal cortex changes related to disinhibition in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Brain, 134, 2502–2512.
Huizinga, M., Dolan, C., & van der Molen, M. (2006). Age-related change in executive function: developmental trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2017–2036.
Jurado, M. B., & Rosselli, M. (2007). The elusive nature of executive functions: a review of our current understanding. Neuropsychology Review, 17, 213–233.
Keifer, E., & Tranel, D. (2013). A neuropsychological investigation of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35(10), 1048–1059.
Lalonde, G., Henry, M., Drouin-Germain, A., Nolin, P., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2013). Assessment of executive function in adolescence: a comparison of traditional and virtual reality tools. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 219(1), 76–82.
Lande, M. B., Batisky, D. L., Kupferman, J. C., Samuels, J., Hooper, S. R., Falkner, B., et al. (2017). Neurocognitive function in children with primary hypertension. The Journal of Pediatrics, 180, 148–155.
Larochette, A., Benn, K., & Harrison, A. (2009). Executive functioning: a comparison of the Tower of London and the D-KEFS Tower Test. Applied Neuropsychology, 16, 275–280.
Lin, A., Northam, E. A., Rankins, D., Werther, G. A., & Cameron, F. J. (2010). Neuro-psychological profiles of young people with type 1 diabetes 12 years after disease onset. Pediatric Diabetes, 11, 235–243.
Lisdahl Medina, K., Hanson, K. L., Schweinsburg, A. D., Cohen-Zion, M., Nagel, B. J., & Tapert, S. F. (2007). Neuropsychological functioning in adolescent marijuana users: subtle deficits detectable after a month of abstinence. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 807–820.
Locascio, G., Mahone, E. M., Eason, S. H., & Cutting, L. E. (2010). Executive dysfunction among children with reading comprehension deficits. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43(5), 441–454.
Luu, T. M., Ment, L., Allan, W., Schneider, K., & Vohr, B. R. (2011). Executive and memory function in adolescents born very preterm. Pediatrics, 127(3), e639–e646.
Mahone, E. M., Hagelthorn, K., Cutting, L., Schuerholz, L., Pelletier, S., Rawlins, C., et al. (2002). Effects of IQ on executive function measures in children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 8(1), 52–65.
Makris, N., Biedermann, J., Valera, E. M., Bush, G., Kaiser, J., Kennedy, D. N., et al. (2007). Cortical thinning of the attention and executive function networks in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 1364–1375.
Mattson, S. N., Goodman, A. M., Caine, C., Delis, D. C., & Riley, E. P. (1999). Executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23(11), 1808–1815.
McCrimmon, A. W., Schwean, V. L., Saklofske, D. H., Montgomery, J. M., & Brady, D. I. (2012). Executive functions in Asperger’s syndrome: an empirical investigation of verbal and nonverbal skills. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 224–233.
McGee, C., Delis, D., & Holdnack, J. (2009). Cognitive discrepancies in children at the ends of the bell curve: a note of caution for clinical interpretation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1160–1172.
McKinlay, A., Grace, R., Kaller, C., Dalrymple-Alford, J., Anderson, T., Fink, J., & Roger, D. (2009). Assessing cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: a comparison of two tower tasks. Applied Neuropsychology, 16, 177–185.
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167–202.
Mitchell, M., & Miller, L. (2008). Prediction of functional status in older adults: the ecological validity of four Delis Kaplan Executive Function System tests. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(6), 683–690.
Miyake, A., Friedman, N., Emerson, M., Witzki, A., & Howerter, A. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100.
Monchi, O., Petrides, M., Petre, V., Worsley, K., & Dagher, A. (2001). Wisconsin Card Sorting revisited: distinct neural circuits participating in different stages of the task identified by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. The Journal of Neuroscience, 21(9), 7733–7741.
Nguyen, T., Glass, L., Coles, C., Kable, J., May, P., Kalberg, W., et al. (2014). The clinical utility and specificity of parent report of executive function among children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20, 704–716.
Nyhus, E., & Barceló, F. (2009). The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the cognitive assessment of prefrontal executive functions: a critical update. Brain and Cognition, 71, 437–451.
O’Brien, J. W., Dowell, L. R., Mostofsky, S. H., Denckla, M. B., & Mahone, E. M. (2010). Neuropsychological profile of executive function in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25, 656–670.
O’Neil, S., Ji, L., Buranahirun, C., Azoff, J., Dhall, G., Khatua, S., et al. (2011). Neurocognitive outcomes in pediatric and adolescent patients with central nervous system germinoma treated with a strategy of chemotherapy followed by reduced-dose and volume irradiation. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 57(4), 669–673.
Ornstein, T. J., Arnold, P., Manassis, K., Mendlowitz, S., & Schachar, R. (2010). Neuropsychological performance in childhood OCD: a preliminary study. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 372–380.
Parent, V., Guay, M. C., Lageix, P., & Achim, A. (2007). Cognitive remediation impacts on children with conduct disorder. In B. K. Wiederhold, S. Bouchard, & G. Riva (Eds.), Annual review of cybertherapy and telemedicine: transforming healthcare through technology (pp. 85–91). San Diego: Interactive Media Institute.
Parrish, J., Geary, E., Jones, J., Seth, R., Hermann, B., & Seidenberg, M. (2007). Executive functioning in childhood epilepsy: parent report and cognitive assessment. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49, 412–416.
Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37(1), 51–87.
Rasmussen, C., & Bisanz, J. (2009). Executive functioning in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: profiles and age-related differences. Child Neuropsychology, 15, 201–215.
Remine, M., Care, E., & Brown, P. M. (2008). Language ability and verbal and nonverbal executive functioning in deaf students communicating in spoken English. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 13(4), 531–545.
Reynolds, C., & Kamphaus, R. (2004). Behavior Assessment System for Children manual. Circle Pines: AGS Publishing.
Robinson, H., Calamia, M., Gläscher, J., Bruss, J., & Tranel, D. (2014). Neuroanatomical correlates of executive functions: a neuropsychological approach using the EXAMINER battery. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20, 52–63.
Rose, M., Reville, M. C., Iszatt, A., Levinson, S., Frampton, I., & Lask, B. (2016). Deconstructing planning ability in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 6(4), 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2016.1172312 .
Semrud-Clikeman, M., Walkowiak, J., Wilkinson, A., & Butcher, B. (2010). Executive functioning in children with Asperger syndrome, ADHD-combined type, ADHD-predominantly inattentive type, and controls. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(8), 1017–1027.
Sergeant, J., Geurts, H., & Oosterlaan, J. (2002). How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Behavioural Brain Research, 130, 3–28.
Shaw, R., Grayson, A., & Lewis, V. (2005). Inhibition, ADHD, and computer games: the inhibitory performance of children with ADHD on computerized tasks and games. Journal of Attention Disorders, 8(4), 160–168.
Shibuya-Tayoshi, S., Sumitani, S., Kikuchi, K., Tanaka, T., Tayoshi, S., Ueno, S., & Ohmori, T. (2007). Activation of the prefrontal cortex during the Trail-Making Test detected with multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61, 616–621.
Shunk, A., Davis, A., & Dean, R. (2006). Test review: Dean C. Delis, Edith Kaplan & Joel H. Kramer, Delis Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX, 2001. $415.00 (complete kit). Applied Neuropsychology, 13(4), 275–279.
Skogli, E. W., Teicher, M. H., Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., & Øie, M. (2013). ADHD in girls and boys—gender differences in co-existing symptoms and executive function measures. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 298–310.
Skogli, E. W., Egeland, J., Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., & Øie, M. (2014). Few differences in hot and cold executive functions in children and adolescents with combined and inattentive subtypes of ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 20(2), 162–181.
Stedal, K., Rose, M., Frampton, I., Landrø, N. I., & Lask, B. (2012). The neuropsychological profile of children, adolescents, and young adults with anorexia nervosa. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(3), 329–337.
Stern, S., & Morris, M. (2013). Discrimination of ADHD and reading disability in adults using the D-KEFS. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28, 125–134.
Stuss, D. T., & Levine, B. (2002). Adult clinical neuropsychology: lessons from studies of the frontal lobes. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 410–433.
Sumitani, S., Tanaka, T., Tayoshi, S., Ota, K., Kameoka, N., Ueno, S., & Ohmori, T. (2006). Activation of the prefrontal cortex during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as measured by multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy. Neuropsychobiology, 53(2), 70–76.
Swanson, J. (2005). The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: a review. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 20(1/2), 117–128.
Tachibana, A., Noah, J. A., Bronner, S., Ono, Y., Hirano, Y., Niwa, M., et al. (2012). Activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a dual neuropsychological screening test: an fMRI approach. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 8(1), 26–34.
Tamm, L., Hughes, C., Ames, L., Pickering, J., Silver, C., Stavinoha, P., et al. (2010). Attention training for school-aged children with ADHD: results of an open trial. Journal of Attention Disorders, 14(1), 86–94.
Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Peugh, J. L., Nakonezny, P. A., & Hughes, C. W. (2013). Preliminary data suggesting the efficacy of attention training for school-aged children with ADHD. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 16–28.
Tamnes, C. K., Østby, Y., Walhovd, K., Westlye, L. T., Due-Tønnessen, P., & Fjell, A. M. (2010). Neuroanatomical correlates of executive functions in children and adolescents: a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of cortical thickness. Neuropsychologia, 48(9), 2496–2508.
Taylor, S. J., Barker, L. A., Heavey, L., & McHale, S. (2015). The longitudinal development of social and executive functions in late adolescence and early adulthood. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00252 .
Thoma, R. J., Monnig, M. A., Lysne, P. A., Ruhl, D. A., Pommy, J. A., Bogenschutz, M., et al. (2011). Adolescent substance abuse: the effects of alcohol and marijuana on neuropsychological performance. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(1), 39–46.
Tonks, J., Williams, W. H., Yates, P., & Slater, A. (2011). Cognitive correlates of psychosocial outcome following traumatic brain injury in early childhood: comparisons between groups of children aged under and over 10 years of age. Clinical Child Psychology, 16(2), 185–194.
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Practitioner review: do performance-based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 131–143.
Troyb, E., Rosenthal, M., Eigsti, I. M., Kelley, E., Tyson, K., Orinstein, A., et al. (2014). Executive functioning in individuals with a history of ASDs who have achieved optimal outcomes. Child Neuropsychology, 20(4), 378–397.
van der Sluis, S., de Jong, P., & van der Leij, A. (2004). Inhibition and shifting in children with learning deficits in arithmetic and reading. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 87, 239–266.
VanZutphen, K. H., Packman, W., Sporri, L., Needham, M. C., Morgan, C., Weisiger, K., & Packman, S. (2007). Executive functioning in children and adolescents with phenylketonuria. Clinical Genetics, 72, 13–18.
Vega, C., Brenner, L., Madsen, J., Bourgeois, B., Waber, D., & Boyer, K. (2015). Lexical retrieval pre- and posttemporal lobe epilepsy surgery in a pediatric sample. Epilepsy and Behavior, 42, 61–65.
Weis, R., & Totten, S. J. (2004). Ecological validity of the Conners Continuous Performance Test II in a school-based sample. Journal of Psychoeductional Assessment, 22, 47–61.
Welsh, M. C., Satterlee-Cartmell, T., & Stine, M. (1999). Towers of Hanoi and London: contribution of working memory and inhibition to performance. Brain and Cognition, 41(2), 231–242.
Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1336–1346.
Willfors, C., Poltrago, L., Berggren, S., Coco, C., Anckarsäter, H., Lichtenstein, P., et al. (2014). On the role of non-shared environment for executive functioning in ADHD: a twin-differences design study. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 60(3), 163–173.
Wodka, E., Loftis, C., Mostofsky, S., Prahme, C., Larson, J., Denckla, M., & Mahone, E. (2008a). Prediction of ADHD in boys and girls using the D-KEFS. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23(3), 283–293.
Wodka, E., Mostofsky, S., Prahme, C., Larson, J., Loftis, C., Denckla, M., & Mahone, E. (2008b). Process examination of executive function in ADHD: sex and subtype effects. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(5), 826–841.