Urinary Metabolites of Di(2‐ethylhexyl) Phthalate Are Associated With Decreased Steroid Hormone Levels in Adult Men

Wiley - Tập 30 Số 3 - Trang 287-297 - 2009
John D. Meeker1, Antonia M. Calafat2, Russ Hauser3,4
1Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
2Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
3Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
4Vincent Memorial Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Andrology Laboratory and In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

Tóm tắt

ABSTRACT: Experimental animal studies have demonstrated that exposure to some phthalates may be associated with altered endocrine function and adverse effects on male reproductive development and function, but human studies are limited. In the present study, urine and serum samples were collected from 425 men recruited through a US infertility clinic. Urinary concentrations of mono(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), the hydrolytic metabolite of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and other phthalate monoester metabolites were measured, along with serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, sex hormone—binding globulin (SHBG), follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin B, and prolactin. Two oxidized urinary metabolites of DEHP were also measured in urine from 221 of the men. In multiple regression models adjusted for potential confounders, MEHP was inversely associated with testosterone, estradiol, and free androgen index (FAI). An interquartile range increase in MEHP was associated with 3.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], −6.8% to −0.5%) and 6.8% (95% CI, −11.2% to −2.4%) declines in testosterone and estradiol, respectively, relative to the population median hormone levels. There was limited evidence for effect modification of the inverse association between MEHP and FAI by the proportion of DEHP metabolites in the urine measured as MEHP (MEHP%), which is considered a phenotypic marker of less efficient metabolism of DEHP to its oxidized metabolites. Finally, the ratio of testosterone to estradiol was positively associated with MEHP (P = .07) and MEHP% (P = .007), suggesting potential relationships with aromatase suppression. In conclusion, these results suggest that urinary metabolites of DEHP are inversely associated with circulating steroid hormone levels in adult men. However, additional research is needed to confirm these findings.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1210/jc.2006-2633

10.1016/j.tox.2006.07.022

ATSDR, 1995, Toxicological Profile for Diethyl Phthalate (DEP)

ATSDR, 2001, Toxicological Profile for Di‐n‐butyl Phthalate (DBP)

ATSDR, 2002, Toxicological Profile for Di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)

Bain J., 1988, Serum pituitary and steroid hormone levels in the adult male: one value is as good as the mean of three, Fertil Steril, 49, 123, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59662-9

10.1210/jc.2006-0866

10.1021/ac000422r

10.1016/j.tox.2006.03.015

10.1016/j.mce.2005.11.021

CDC, 2005, Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals

CDC, 2008, NHANES 2003–2004 laboratory files, lab 24: urinary phthalates

10.1016/S0300-9084(97)81508-8

David RM, 2001, Patty's Toxicology, 635

10.1006/taap.1994.1201

10.1093/humrep/deh656

10.1097/00043764-199904000-00010

10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00563.x

10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.09.005

10.2164/jandrol.106.001909

10.1097/01.ede.0000235996.89953.d7

10.1289/ehp.7212

10.1093/humrep/del428

10.1038/37352

10.1289/ehp.02110515

10.1097/01.ede.0000164555.19041.01

10.1007/s00204-003-0466-7

Kleinbaum DG, 1998, Selecting the Best Regression Equation. Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariate Methods

10.1006/taap.1998.8550

10.1093/humupd/dmg002

10.1006/taap.2001.9156

10.1289/ehp.8075

10.1289/ehp.9852

10.2164/jandrol.107.004416

10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.004

10.1289/ehp.9016

10.1289/ehp.824511

10.1210/jc.85.5.2057

10.1111/j.1439-0272.2004.00641.x

10.1016/j.ecl.2007.03.003

10.1097/00043764-199306000-00013

10.1289/ehp.6723

10.1016/S1570-0232(03)00164-8

10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.02.038

10.1289/ehp.8100

Teass AW, 1998, NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 52

10.1016/j.envres.2007.09.010

10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.05.006

10.1210/jc.2006-1375

10.1210/jc.74.4.939

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Wiley

Tập 30 Số 3

287-297

Thông tin tác giả