Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica: Recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS)
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Wildemann B et al (2012) Contrasting disease patterns in seropositive and seronegative neuromyelitis optica: a multicentre study of 175 patients. J Neuroinflammation 9:14
Trebst C, Berthele A, Jarius S, Kümpfel T, Schippling S, Wildemann B, Wilke C (2011) Diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica. Consensus recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group. Nervenarzt 82:768–777
Kimbrough DJ, Fujihara K, Jacob A et al (2012) Treatment of neuromyelitis optica: review and recommendations. Mult Scler Relat Disord 1:180–187
Sellner J, Boggild M, Clanet M, Hintzen RQ, Illes Z, Montalban X, Du Pasquier RA, Polman CH, Sorensen PS, Hemmer B (2010) EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and management of neuromyelitis optica. Eur J Neurol 17:1019–1032
Scott TF, Frohman EM, De Seze J, Gronseth GS, Weinshenker BG (2011) Evidence-based guideline: clinical evaluation and treatment of transverse myelitis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 77:2128–2134
Wingerchuk DM, Hogancamp WF, O’Brien PC, Weinshenker BG (1999) The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s syndrome). Neurology 53:1107–1114
Jarius S, Wildemann B (2012) The case of the Marquis de Causan (1804): an early account of visual loss associated with spinal cord inflammation. J Neurol 259:1354–1357
Jarius S, Wildemann B (2012) “Noteomielite” accompanied by acute amaurosis (1844). An early case of neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Sci 313:182–184
Jarius S, Wildemann B (2011) An early case of neuromyelitis optica: on a forgotten report by Jacob Lockhart Clarke, FRS. Mult Scler 17:1384–1386
Jarius S, Wildemann B (2013) On the contribution of Thomas Clifford Allbutt, F.R.S., to the early history of neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol 260:100–104
Mandler RN, Davis LE, Jeffery DR, Kornfeld M (1993) Devic’s neuromyelitis optica: a clinicopathological study of 8 patients. Ann Neurol 34:162–168
Lucchinetti CF, Mandler RN, McGavern D et al (2002) A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. Brain 125:1450–1461
Lee D-H, Metz I, Berthele A, Stadelmann C, Brück W, Linker RA, Gold R, Schroeder A (2010) Supraspinal demyelinating lesions in neuromyelitis optica display a typical astrocyte pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 36:685–687
Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Verkman AS, Hinson SR (2005) IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 202:473–477
Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Fujihara K, Nakashima I, Weinshenker BG (2004) A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 364:2106–2112
Jarius S, Paul F, Franciotta D, Waters P, Zipp F, Hohlfeld R, Vincent A, Wildemann B (2008) Mechanisms of disease: aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 4:202–214
Jarius S, Wildemann B (2010) AQP4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica: diagnostic and pathogenetic relevance. Nat Rev Neurol 6:383–392
Graber DJ, Levy M, Kerr D, Wade WF (2008) Neuromyelitis optica pathogenesis and aquaporin 4. J Neuroinflammation 5:22
Bennett JL, Lam C, Kalluri SR et al (2009) Intrathecal pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in early neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 66:617–629
Bradl M, Misu T, Takahashi T et al (2009) Neuromyelitis optica: pathogenicity of patient immunoglobulin in vivo. Ann Neurol 66:630–643
Ratelade J, Bennett JL, Verkman AS (2011) Intravenous neuromyelitis optica autoantibody in mice targets aquaporin-4 in peripheral organs and area postrema. PLoS One 6:e27412
Mader S, Lutterotti A, Di Pauli F et al (2010) Patterns of antibody binding to aquaporin-4 isoforms in neuromyelitis optica. PLoS One 5:e10455
Nelson PA, Khodadoust M, Prodhomme T, Spencer C, Patarroyo JC, Varrin-Doyer M, Ho JD, Stroud RM, Zamvil SS (2010) Immunodominant T cell determinants of aquaporin-4, the autoantigen associated with neuromyelitis optica. PLoS One 5:e15050
Kalluri SR, Rothhammer V, Staszewski O, Srivastava R, Petermann F, Prinz M, Hemmer B, Korn T (2011) Functional characterization of aquaporin-4 specific T cells: towards a model for neuromyelitis optica. PLoS One 6:e16083
Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Weinshenker BG (2006) Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 66:1485–1489
Miller DH, Weinshenker BG, Filippi M et al (2008) Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: a consensus approach. Mult Scler 14:1157–1174
Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Lucchinetti CF, Pittock SJ, Weinshenker BG (2007) The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica. Lancet Neurol 6:805–815
Bizzoco E, Lolli F, Repice AM et al (2009) Prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and phenotype distribution. J Neurol 256:1891–1898
Jacob A, Panicker J, Lythgoe D, Elsone L, Mutch K, Wilson M, Das K, Boggild M (2013) The epidemiology of neuromyelitis optica amongst adults in the Merseyside county of United Kingdom. J Neurol 260:2134–2137
Asgari N, Lillevang ST, Skejoe HPB, Falah M, Stenager E, Kyvik KO (2011) A population-based study of neuromyelitis optica in Caucasians. Neurology 76:1589–1595
Barbieri F, Buscaino GA (1989) Neuromyelitis optica in the elderly. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 11:247–251
Banwell B, Tenembaum S, Lennon VA, Ursell E, Kennedy J, Bar-Or A, Weinshenker BG, Lucchinetti CF, Pittock SJ (2008) Neuromyelitis optica-IgG in childhood inflammatory demyelinating CNS disorders. Neurology 70:344–352
McKeon A, Lennon VA, Lotze T et al (2008) CNS aquaporin-4 autoimmunity in children. Neurology 71:93–100
Lotze TE, Northrop JL, Hutton GJ, Ross B, Schiffman JS, Hunter JV (2008) Spectrum of pediatric neuromyelitis optica. Pediatrics 122:e1039–e1047
Bergamaschi R, Jarius S, Robotti M, Pichiecchio A, Wildemann B, Meola G (2009) Two cases of benign neuromyelitis optica in patients with celiac disease. J Neurol 256:2097–2099
Jarius S, Jacob S, Waters P, Jacob A, Littleton E, Vincent A (2008) Neuromyelitis optica in patients with gluten sensitivity associated with antibodies to aquaporin-4. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 79:1084
Kay CSK, Scola RH, Lorenzoni PJ, Jarius S, Arruda WO, Werneck LC (2008) NMO-IgG positive neuromyelitis optica in a patient with myasthenia gravis but no thymectomy. J Neurol Sci 275:148–150
McKeon A, Lennon VA, Jacob A et al (2009) Coexistence of myasthenia gravis and serological markers of neurological autoimmunity in neuromyelitis optica. Muscle Nerve 39:87–90
Pittock SJ, Lennon VA, de Seze J, Vermersch P, Homburger HA, Wingerchuk DM, Lucchinetti CF, Zéphir H, Moder K, Weinshenker BG (2008) Neuromyelitis optica and non organ-specific autoimmunity. Arch Neurol 65:78–83
Wandinger K-P, Stangel M, Witte T, Venables P, Charles P, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Probst C, Iking-Konert C, Schneider M (2010) Autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 62:1198–1200
Jarius S, Jacobi C, de Seze J et al (2011) Frequency and syndrome specificity of antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neurological patients with rheumatic disorders. Mult Scler 17:1067–1073
Závada J, Nytrová P, Wandinger KP, Jarius S, Svobodová R, Probst C, Peterová V, Tegzová D, Pavelka K, Vencovský J (2013) Seroprevalence and specificity of NMO-IgG (anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies) in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 33:259–263
Jarius S, Paul F, Franciotta D et al (2012) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in patients with myasthenia gravis: ten new aquaporin-4 antibody positive cases and a review of the literature. Mult Scler 18:1135–1143
Nagaishi A, Takagi M, Umemura A, Tanaka M, Kitagawa Y, Matsui M, Nishizawa M, Sakimura K, Tanaka K (2011) Clinical features of neuromyelitis optica in a large Japanese cohort: comparison between phenotypes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 82:1360–1364
Kister I, Gulati S, Boz C, Bergamaschi R, Piccolo G, Piccolo G, Oger J, Swerdlow ML (2006) Neuromyelitis optica in patients with myasthenia gravis who underwent thymectomy. Arch Neurol 63:851–856
Gotkine M, Fellig Y, Abramsky O (2006) Occurrence of CNS demyelinating disease in patients with myasthenia gravis. Neurology 67:881–883
Vaknin-Dembinsky A, Abramsky O, Petrou P, Ben-Hur T, Gotkine M, Brill L, Brenner T, Argov Z, Karussis D (2011) Myasthenia gravis-associated neuromyelitis optica-like disease: an immunological link between the central nervous system and muscle? Arch Neurol 68:1557–1561
Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG (2012) The emerging relationship between neuromyelitis optica and systemic rheumatologic autoimmune disease. Mult Scler 18:5–10
Kitley J, Leite MI, Nakashima I et al (2012) Prognostic factors and disease course in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from the United Kingdom and Japan. Brain 135:1834–1849
Fragoso YD, Adoni T, Bichuetti DB, Brooks JBB, Ferreira MLB, Oliveira EML, Oliveira CLS, Ribeiro SBF, Silva AE, Siquineli F (2013) Neuromyelitis optica and pregnancy. J Neurol 260:2614–2619
Bourre B, Marignier R, Zéphir H et al (2012) Neuromyelitis optica and pregnancy. Neurology 78:875–879
Paty DW, Oger JJ, Kastrukoff LF, Hashimoto SA, Hooge JP, Eisen AA, Eisen KA, Purves SJ, Low MD, Brandejs V (1988) MRI in the diagnosis of MS: a prospective study with comparison of clinical evaluation, evoked potentials, oligoclonal banding, and CT. Neurology 38:180–185
Lu Z, Zhang B, Qiu W, Kang Z, Shen L, Long Y, Huang J, Hu X (2011) Comparative brain stem lesions on MRI of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica, and multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 6:e22766
Apiwattanakul M, Popescu BF, Matiello M, Weinshenker BG, Lucchinetti CF, Lennon VA, McKeon A, Carpenter AF, Miller GM, Pittock SJ (2010) Intractable vomiting as the initial presentation of neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 68:757–761
Popescu BFG, Lennon VA, Parisi JE et al (2011) Neuromyelitis optica unique area postrema lesions: nausea, vomiting, and pathogenic implications. Neurology 76:1229–1237
Misu T, Fujihara K, Nakashima I, Sato S, Itoyama Y (2005) Intractable hiccup and nausea with periaqueductal lesions in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 65:1479–1482
Takahashi T, Miyazawa I, Misu T, Takano R, Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Tobita M, Itoyama Y (2008) Intractable hiccup and nausea in neuromyelitis optica with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody: a herald of acute exacerbations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 79:1075–1078
Kanbayashi T, Shimohata T, Nakashima I, Yaguchi H, Yabe I, Nishizawa M, Shimizu T, Nishino S (2009) Symptomatic narcolepsy in patients with neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis: new neurochemical and immunological implications. Arch Neurol 66:1563–1566
Suzuki K, Nakamura T, Hashimoto K, Miyamoto M, Komagamine T, Nagashima T, Izawa N, Kanbayashi T, Takahashi T, Hirata K (2012) Hypothermia, hypotension, hypersomnia, and obesity associated with hypothalamic lesions in a patient positive for the anti-aquaporin 4 antibody: a case report and literature review. Arch Neurol 69:1355–1359
Magaña SM, Matiello M, Pittock SJ, McKeon A, Lennon VA, Rabinstein AA, Shuster E, Kantarci OH, Lucchinetti CF, Weinshenker BG (2009) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology 72:712–717
Schmidt F, Önder G, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Harms L (2013) Olfactory dysfunction in patients with neuromyelitis optica. Multiple Sclerosis International: ID 654501
Saadoun S, Waters P, Leite MI, Bennett JL, Vincent A, Papadopoulos MC (2013) Neuromyelitis optica IgG causes placental inflammation and fetal death. J Immunol 191:2999–3005
Reuss R, Rommer PS, Brück W et al (2009) A woman with acute myelopathy in pregnancy: case outcome. BMJ 339:b4026
Reuss R, Rommer P, Brück W, Jarius S, Bolz M, Zettl UK (2010) Anti-AQP4 ab might be relevant in pregnancy. BMJ reply
Cosgrove J, Alli S, Ramadan H, Ford HL (2013) Myocarditis and diffuse skeletal muscle oedema: new features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder? A case report. Mult Scler. doi: 10.1177/1352458513495939
Deguchi S, Deguchi K, Sato K et al (2012) HyperCKemia related to the initial and recurrent attacks of neuromyelitis optica. Intern Med 51:2617–2620
Di Filippo M, Franciotta D, Massa R et al (2012) Recurrent hyperCKemia with normal muscle biopsy in a pediatric patient with neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 79:1182–1184
Suzuki N, Takahashi T, Aoki M et al (2010) Neuromyelitis optica preceded by hyperCKemia episode. Neurology 74:1543–1545
Jarius S, Lauda F, Wildemann B, Tumani H (2013) Steroid-responsive hearing impairment in NMO-IgG/aquaporin-4-antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol 260:663–664
Jarius S, Frederikson J, Waters P et al (2010) Frequency and prognostic impact of antibodies to aquaporin-4 in patients with optic neuritis. J Neurol Sci 298:158–162
Matiello M, Lennon VA, Jacob A, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG (2008) NMO-IgG predicts the outcome of recurrent optic neuritis. Neurology 70:2197–2200
Petzold A, Pittock S, Lennon V, Maggiore C, Weinshenker BG, Plant GT (2010) Neuromyelitis optica-IgG (aquaporin-4) autoantibodies in immune mediated optic neuritis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 81:109–111
Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM, Vukusic S, Linbo L, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Lennon VA (2006) Neuromyelitis optica IgG predicts relapse after longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Ann Neurol 59:566–569
Kim S-M, Go MJ, Sung J-J, Park KS, Lee K-W (2012) Painful tonic spasm in neuromyelitis optica: incidence, diagnostic utility, and clinical characteristics. Arch Neurol 69:1026–1031
Kanamori Y, Nakashima I, Takai Y, Nishiyama S, Kuroda H, Takahashi T, Kanaoka-Suzuki C, Misu T, Fujihara K, Itoyama Y (2011) Pain in neuromyelitis optica and its effect on quality of life: a cross-sectional study. Neurology 77:652–658
Qian P, Lancia S, Alvarez E, Klawiter EC, Cross AH, Naismith RT (2012) Association of neuromyelitis optica with severe and intractable pain. Arch Neurol 69:1482–1487
Jarius S, Paul F, Ruprecht K, Wildemann B (2012) Low vitamin B12 levels and gastric parietal cell antibodies in patients with aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. J Neurol 259:2743–2745
Jarius S, Wandinger KP, Borowski K, Stoecker W, Wildemann B (2012) Antibodies to CV2/CRMP5 in neuromyelitis optica-like disease: case report and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 114:331–335
Mader S, Gredler V, Schanda K et al (2011) Complement activating antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders. J Neuroinflammation 8:184
Rostasy K, Mader S, Schanda K et al (2012) Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in pediatric patients with optic neuritis. Arch Neurol 69:752–756
Kitley J, Woodhall M, Waters P, Leite MI, Devenney E, Craig J, Palace J, Vincent A (2012) Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. Neurology 79:1273–1277
Reindl M, Di Pauli F, Rostásy K, Berger T (2013) The spectrum of MOG autoantibody-associated demyelinating diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 9:455–461
Waters P, Jarius S, Littleton E et al (2008) Aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Arch Neurol 65:913–919
Hayakawa S, Mori M, Okuta A et al (2008) Neuromyelitis optica and anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Neuroimmunol 196:181–187
Jarius S, Franciotta D, Bergamaschi R, Wright H, Littleton E, Palace J, Hohlfeld R, Vincent A (2007) NMO-IgG in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 68:1076–1077
Jarius S, Probst C, Borowski K, Franciotta D, Wildemann B, Stoecker W, Wandinger KP (2010) Standardized method for the detection of antibodies to aquaporin-4 based on a highly sensitive immunofluorescence assay employing recombinant target antigen. J Neurol Sci 291:52–56
Kalluri SR, Illes Z, Srivastava R, Cree B, Menge T, Bennett JL, Berthele A, Hemmer B (2010) Quantification and functional characterization of antibodies to native aquaporin 4 in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 67:1201–1208
Paul F, Jarius S, Aktas O et al (2007) Antibody to aquaporin 4 in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica. PLoS Med 4:e133
Takahashi T, Fujihara K, Nakashima I, Misu T, Miyazawa I, Nakamura M, Watanabe S, Ishii N, Itoyama Y (2006) Establishment of a new sensitive assay for anti-human aquaporin-4 antibody in neuromyelitis optica. Tohoku J Exp Med 210:307–313
Jarius S, Franciotta D, Paul F, Bergamaschi R, Rommer PS, Ruprecht K, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Kristoferitsch W, Wildemann B (2012) Testing for antibodies to human aquaporin-4 by ELISA: sensitivity, specificity, and direct comparison with immunohistochemistry. J Neurol Sci 320:32–37
Kim W, Lee J-E, Li XF, Kim S-H, Han B-G, Lee BI, Kim JK, Choi K, Kim HJ (2012) Quantitative measurement of anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using purified recombinant human aquaporin-4. Mult Scler 18:578–586
Jarius S, Wildemann B (2013) Aquaporin-4 antibodies (NMO-IgG) as a serological marker of neuromyelitis optica: a critical review of the literature. Brain Pathol 23:661–683
Takahashi T, Fujihara K, Nakashima I et al (2007) Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody is involved in the pathogenesis of NMO: a study on antibody titre. Brain 130:1235–1243
Ketelslegers IA, Modderman PW, Vennegoor A, Killestein J, Hamann D, Hintzen RQ (2011) Antibodies against aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica: distinction between recurrent and monophasic patients. Mult Scler 17:1527–1530
Jarius S, Aboul-Enein F, Waters P, Kuenz B, Hauser A, Berger T, Lang W, Reindl M, Vincent A, Kristoferitsch W (2008) Antibody to aquaporin-4 in the long-term course of neuromyelitis optica. Brain 131:3072–3080
Heerlein K, Jarius S, Jacobi C, Rohde S, Storch-Hagenlocher B, Wildemann B (2009) Aquaporin-4 antibody positive longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis following varicella zoster infection. J Neurol Sci 276:184–186
Pellkofer HL, Krumbholz M, Berthele A et al (2011) Long-term follow-up of patients with neuromyelitis optica after repeated therapy with rituximab. Neurology 76:1310–1315
Jarius S, Franciotta D, Bergamaschi R, Wildemann B, Wandinger K-P (2010) Immunoglobulin M antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders. Clin Chem Lab Med 48:659–663
Jarius S, Franciotta D, Paul F et al (2010) Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders: frequency, origin, and diagnostic relevance. J Neuroinflammation 7:52
Klawiter EC, Alvarez E 3rd, Xu J, Paciorkowski AR, Zhu L, Parks BJ, Cross AH, Naismith RT (2009) NMO-IgG detected in CSF in seronegative neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 72:1101–1103
Jarius S, Wildemann B (2011) Effect of storage conditions and freeze/thaw cycles on aquaporin-4 antibody (NMO-IgG) serum levels. Clin Chem Lab Med 49:2121–2122
Waters PJ, McKeon A, Leite MI et al (2012) Serologic diagnosis of NMO: a multicenter comparison of aquaporin-4-IgG assays. Neurology 78:665–671 discussion 669
De Seze J, Stojkovic T, Ferriby D, Gauvrit J-Y, Montagne C, Mounier-Vehier F, Verier A, Pruvo J-P, Hache J-C, Vermersch P (2002) Devic’s neuromyelitis optica: clinical, laboratory, MRI and outcome profile. J Neurol Sci 197:57–61
Ghezzi A, Bergamaschi R, Martinelli V et al (2004) Clinical characteristics, course and prognosis of relapsing Devic’s Neuromyelitis Optica. J Neurol 251:47–52
O’Riordan JI, Gallagher HL, Thompson AJ, Howard RS, Kingsley DP, Thompson EJ, McDonald WI, Miller DH (1996) Clinical, CSF, and MRI findings in Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 60:382–387
Jarius S, Paul F, Franciotta D et al (2011) Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica: results from 211 lumbar punctures. J Neurol Sci 306:82–90
Lepur D, Peterković V, Kalabrić-Lepur N (2009) Neuromyelitis optica with CSF examination mimicking bacterial meningomyelitis. Neurol Sci 30:51–54
Jarius S, Wildemann B (2013) Aquaporin-4 antibodies, CNS acidosis and neuromyelitis optica: A potential link. Med Hypotheses. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.10.011
Bergamaschi R, Tonietti S, Franciotta D, Candeloro E, Tavazzi E, Piccolo G, Romani A, Cosi V (2004) Oligoclonal bands in Devic’s neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis: differences in repeated cerebrospinal fluid examinations. Mult Scler 10:2–4
Jarius S, Franciotta D, Bergamaschi R et al (2008) Polyspecific, antiviral immune response distinguishes multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 79:1134–1136
Uzawa A, Mori M, Arai K, Sato Y, Hayakawa S, Masuda S, Taniguchi J, Kuwabara S (2010) Cytokine and chemokine profiles in neuromyelitis optica: signifiance of interleukin-6. Mult Scler 16:1443–1452
Içöz S, Tüzün E, Kürtüncü M, Durmuş H, Mutlu M, Eraksoy M, Akman-Demir G (2010) Enhanced IL-6 production in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica patients. Int J Neurosci 120:71–75
Wang H, Wang K, Zhong X, Dai Y, Qiu W, Wu A, Hu X (2012) Notable increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble interleukin-6 receptors in neuromyelitis optica. Neuroimmunomodulation 19:304–308
Storoni M, Petzold A, Plant GT (2011) The use of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein measurements in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum optic neuritis. PLoS One 6:e23489
Petzold A, Eikelenboom MJ, Gveric D et al (2002) Markers for different glial cell responses in multiple sclerosis: clinical and pathological correlations. Brain 125:1462–1473
Misu T, Takano R, Fujihara K, Takahashi T, Sato S, Itoyama Y (2009) Marked increase in cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillar acidic protein in neuromyelitis optica: an astrocytic damage marker. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 80:575–577
Takano R, Misu T, Takahashi T, Izumiyama M, Fujihara K, Itoyama Y (2008) A prominent elevation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid during relapse in neuromyelitis optica. Tohoku J Exp Med 215:55–59
Takano R, Misu T, Takahashi T, Sato S, Fujihara K, Itoyama Y (2010) Astrocytic damage is far more severe than demyelination in NMO: a clinical CSF biomarker study. Neurology 75:208–216
Uzawa A, Mori M, Sawai S, Masuda S, Muto M, Uchida T, Ito S, Nomura F, Kuwabara S (2013) Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 and glial fibrillary acidic protein levels are increased during initial neuromyelitis optica attacks. Clin Chim Acta 421:181–183
Ringelstein M, Kleiter I, Ayzenberg I et al (2013) Visual evoked potentials in neuromyelitis optica and its spectrum disorders. Mult Scler. doi: 10.1177/1352458513503053
Neto SP, Alvarenga RMP, Vasconcelos CCF, Alvarenga MP, Pinto LC, Pinto VLR (2013) Evaluation of pattern-reversal visual evoked potential in patients with neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 19:173–178
Filippi M, Rocca MA (2004) MR imaging of Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. Neurol Sci 25(Suppl 4):S371–S373
Lim BC, Hwang H, Kim KJ, Hwang YS, Cheon J-E, Kim I-O, Kim HJ, Chae J-H (2011) Relapsing demyelinating CNS disease in a Korean pediatric population: multiple sclerosis versus neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 17:67–73
Krampla W, Aboul-Enein F, Jecel J, Lang W, Fertl E, Hruby W, Kristoferitsch W (2009) Spinal cord lesions in patients with neuromyelitis optica: a retrospective long-term MRI follow-up study. Eur Radiol 19:2535–2543
Ringelstein M, Metz I, Ruprecht K, Koch A, Rappold J, Ingwersen J, Mathys C, Jarius S, Bruck W, Hartung HP, Paul F, Aktas O (2013) Contribution of spinal cord biopsy to diagnosis of aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler. doi: 10.1177/1352458513510981
Pittock SJ, Lennon VA, Krecke K, Wingerchuk DM, Lucchinetti CF, Weinshenker BG (2006) Brain abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 63:390–396
Matthews L, Marasco R, Jenkinson M et al (2013) Distinction of seropositive NMO spectrum disorder and MS brain lesion distribution. Neurology 80:1330–1337
Sinnecker T, Dörr J, Pfueller CF, Harms L, Ruprecht K, Jarius S, Brück W, Niendorf T, Wuerfel J, Paul F (2012) Distinct lesion morphology at 7-T MRI differentiates neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis. Neurology 79:708–714
Kister I, Herbert J, Zhou Y, Ge Y (2013) Ultrahigh-Field MR (7 T) Imaging of brain lesions in Neuromyelitis Optica. Mult Scler Int 2013:398259
Nakamura M, Misu T, Fujihara K, Miyazawa I, Nakashima I, Takahashi T, Watanabe S, Itoyama Y (2009) Occurrence of acute large and edematous callosal lesions in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 15:695–700
Pittock SJ, Weinshenker BG, Lucchinetti CF, Wingerchuk DM, Corboy JR, Lennon VA (2006) Neuromyelitis optica brain lesions localized at sites of high aquaporin 4 expression. Arch Neurol 63:964–968
Nakajima H, Fujiki Y, Ito T, Kitaoka H, Takahashi T (2011) Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica presenting with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion as an initial manifestation. Case Rep Neurol 3:263–267
Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Miyazawa I et al (2006) Clinical and MRI features of Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis positive for NMO-IgG. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 77:1073–1075
Poppe AY, Lapierre Y, Melançon D, Lowden D, Wardell L, Fullerton LM, Bar-Or A (2005) Neuromyelitis optica with hypothalamic involvement. Mult Scler 11:617–621
Banker P, Sonni S, Kister I, Loh JP, Lui YW (2012) Pencil-thin ependymal enhancement in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler 18:1050–1053
Kim W, Park MS, Lee SH, Kim S-H, Jung IJ, Takahashi T, Misu T, Fujihara K, Kim HJ (2010) Characteristic brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in central nervous system aquaporin-4 autoimmunity. Mult Scler 16:1229–1236
Kim W, Kim S-H, Huh S-Y, Kim HJ (2012) Brain abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Int 2012:735486
Bock M, Brandt AU, Dörr J, Pfueller CF, Ohlraun S, Zipp F, Paul F (2010) Time domain and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a comparative cross-sectional study. Mult Scler 16:893–896
Oberwahrenbrock T, Schippling S, Ringelstein M et al (2012) Retinal damage in multiple sclerosis disease subtypes measured by high-resolution optical coherence tomography. Mult Scler Int 2012:530305
Brandt AU, Oberwahrenbrock T, Ringelstein M, Young KL, Tiede M, Hartung HP, Martin R, Aktas O, Paul F, Schippling S (2011) Primary retinal pathology in multiple sclerosis as detected by optical coherence tomography. Brain 134:e193 author reply e194
Stricker S, Oberwahrenbrock T, Zimmermann H, Schroeter J, Endres M, Brandt AU, Paul F (2011) Temporal retinal nerve fiber loss in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. PLoS One 6:e23024
Zimmermann H, Freing A, Kaufhold F et al (2013) Optic neuritis interferes with optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging correlations. Mult Scler 19:443–450
Dörr J, Wernecke KD, Bock M, Gaede G, Wuerfel JT, Pfueller CF, Bellmann-Strobl J, Freing A, Brandt AU, Friedemann P (2011) Association of retinal and macular damage with brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 6:e18132
Albrecht P, Müller A-K, Südmeyer M et al (2012) Optical coherence tomography in parkinsonian syndromes. PLoS One 7:e34891
Oberwahrenbrock T, Ringelstein M, Jentschke S et al (2013) Retinal ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer thinning in clinically isolated syndrome. Mult Scler. doi: 10.1177/1352458513489757
Pfueller CF, Paul F (2011) Imaging the visual pathway in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler Int 2011:869814
Bichuetti DB, de Camargo AS, Falcão AB, Gonçalves FF, Tavares IM, de Oliveira EML (2013) The retinal nerve fiber layer of patients with neuromyelitis optica and chronic relapsing optic neuritis is more severely damaged than patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroophthalmol 33:220–224
De Seze J, Blanc F, Jeanjean L et al (2008) Optical coherence tomography in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 65:920–923
Naismith RT, Tutlam NT, Xu J, Klawiter EC, Shepherd J, Trinkaus K, Song S-K, Cross AH (2009) Optical coherence tomography differs in neuromyelitis optica compared with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 72:1077–1082
Ratchford JN, Quigg ME, Conger A, Frohman T, Frohman E, Balcer LJ, Calabresi PA, Kerr DA (2009) Optical coherence tomography helps differentiate neuromyelitis optica and MS optic neuropathies. Neurology 73:302–308
Green AJ, Cree BAC (2009) Distinctive retinal nerve fibre layer and vascular changes in neuromyelitis optica following optic neuritis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 80:1002–1005
Gelfand JM, Cree BA, Nolan R, Arnow S, Green AJ (2013) Microcystic inner nuclear layer abnormalities and neuromyelitis optica. JAMA Neurol pp 1–5
Sotirchos ES, Saidha S, Byraiah G et al (2013) In vivo identification of morphologic retinal abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 80:1406–1414
Bouyon M, Collongues N, Zéphir H et al (2013) Longitudinal follow-up of vision in a neuromyelitis optica cohort. Mult Scler 19:1320–1322
Schneider E, Zimmermann H, Oberwahrenbrock T et al (2013) Optical coherence tomography reveals distinct patterns of retinal damage in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis. PLoS One p e66151
De Sa JCC, Airas L, Bartholome E et al (2011) Symptomatic therapy in multiple sclerosis: a review for a multimodal approach in clinical practice. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 4:139–168
Chang K-H, Lyu R-K, Chen C-M, Wu Y-R, Chang H-S, Huang C-C, Kuo H-C, Chu C-C, Hsu W-C, Ro L-S (2013) Distinct features between longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis presenting with and without anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies. Mult Scler 19:299–307
Keegan M, Pineda AA, McClelland RL, Darby CH, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker BG (2002) Plasma exchange for severe attacks of CNS demyelination: predictors of response. Neurology 58:143–146
Bonnan M, Valentino R, Olindo S, Mehdaoui H, Smadja D, Cabre P (2009) Plasma exchange in severe spinal attacks associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler 15:487–492
Roesner S, Appel R, Gbadamosi J, Martin R, Heesen C (2012) Treatment of steroid-unresponsive optic neuritis with plasma exchange. Acta Neurol Scand 126:103–108
Bonnan M, Cabre P (2012) Plasma exchange in severe attacks of neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler Int 2012:787630
Merle H, Olindo S, Jeannin S et al (2012) Treatment of optic neuritis by plasma exchange (add-on) in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Ophthalmol 130:858–862
Magaña SM, Keegan BM, Weinshenker BG et al (2011) Beneficial plasma exchange response in central nervous system inflammatory demyelination. Arch Neurol 68:870–878
Weinshenker BG, O’Brien PC, Petterson TM, Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti CF, Dodick DW, Pineda AA, Stevens LN, Rodriguez M (1999) A randomized trial of plasma exchange in acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease. Ann Neurol 46:878–886
Nakashima I, Takahashi T, Nishiyama S, Kasahara S, Suzuki C, Misu T, Itoyama Y, Fuijihara K (2009) Plasma Exchange for Neuromyelitis Optica with Aquaporin-4 Antibody. Neurology 72:A187
Llufriu S, Castillo J, Blanco Y et al (2009) Plasma exchange for acute attacks of CNS demyelination: predictors of improvement at 6 months. Neurology 73:949–953
Watanabe S, Nakashima I, Misu T, Miyazawa I, Shiga Y, Fujihara K, Itoyama Y (2007) Therapeutic efficacy of plasma exchange in NMO-IgG-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 13:128–132
Elsone L, Panicker J, Mutch K, Boggild M, Appleton R, Jacob A (2013) Role of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of acute relapses of neuromyelitis optica: experience in 10 patients. Mult Scler. doi: 10.1177/1352458513495938
Greenberg BM, Thomas KP, Krishnan C, Kaplin AI, Calabresi PA, Kerr DA (2007) Idiopathic transverse myelitis: corticosteroids, plasma exchange, or cyclophosphamide. Neurology 68:1614–1617
Costanzi C, Matiello M, Lucchinetti CF, Weinshenker BG, Pittock SJ, Mandrekar J, Thapa P, McKeon A (2011) Azathioprine: tolerability, efficacy, and predictors of benefit in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 77:659–666
Bichuetti DB, Lobato de Oliveira EM, Oliveira DM, Amorin de Souza N, Gabbai AA (2010) Neuromyelitis optica treatment: analysis of 36 patients. Arch Neurol 67:1131–1136
Watanabe S, Misu T, Miyazawa I, Nakashima I, Shiga Y, Fujihara K, Itoyama Y (2007) Low-dose corticosteroids reduce relapses in neuromyelitis optica: a retrospective analysis. Mult Scler 13:968–974
Higgs JE, Payne K, Roberts C, Newman WG (2010) Are patients with intermediate TPMT activity at increased risk of myelosuppression when taking thiopurine medications? Pharmacogenomics 11:177–188
Cree BAC, Lamb S, Morgan K, Chen A, Waubant E, Genain C (2005) An open label study of the effects of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 64:1270–1272
Jacob A, Weinshenker BG, Violich I et al (2008) Treatment of neuromyelitis optica with rituximab: retrospective analysis of 25 patients. Arch Neurol 65:1443–1448
Kim S-H, Kim W, Li XF, Jung I-J, Kim HJ (2011) Repeated treatment with rituximab based on the assessment of peripheral circulating memory B cells in patients with relapsing neuromyelitis optica over 2 years. Arch Neurol 68:1412–1420
Bedi GS, Brown AD, Delgado SR, Usmani N, Lam BL, Sheremata WA (2011) Impact of rituximab on relapse rate and disability in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 17:1225–1230
Kim S-H, Huh S-Y, Lee SJ, Joung A, Kim HJ (2013) A 5-year follow-up of rituximab treatment in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. JAMA Neurol. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.3071
Greenberg BM, Graves D, Remington G, Hardeman P, Mann M, Karandikar N, Stuve O, Monson N, Frohman E (2012) Rituximab dosing and monitoring strategies in neuromyelitis optica patients: creating strategies for therapeutic success. Mult Scler 18:1022–1026
Yang C-S, Yang L, Li T et al (2013) Responsiveness to reduced dosage of rituximab in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 81:710–713
Jacob A, Matiello M, Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM, Lucchinetti C, Shuster E, Carter J, Keegan BM, Kantarci OH, Pittock SJ (2009) Treatment of neuromyelitis optica with mycophenolate mofetil: retrospective analysis of 24 patients. Arch Neurol 66:1128–1133
Neff RT, Hurst FP, Falta EM, Bohen EM, Lentine KL, Dharnidharka VR, Agodoa LY, Jindal RM, Yuan CM, Abbott KC (2008) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and use of mycophenolate mofetil after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 86:1474–1478
Bakker J, Metz L (2004) Devic’s neuromyelitis optica treated with intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG). Can J Neurol Sci 31:265–267
Okada K, Tsuji S, Tanaka K (2007) Intermittent intravenous immunoglobulin successfully prevents relapses of neuromyelitis optica. Intern Med 46:1671–1672
Magraner MJ, Coret F, Casanova B (2012) The effect of intravenous immunoglobulin on neuromyelitis optica. Neurologia 28:65–72
Kim S-H, Kim W, Park MS, Sohn EH, Li XF, Kim HJ (2011) Efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone in patients with highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 68:473–479
Cabre P, Olindo S, Marignier R, Jeannin S, Merle H, Smadja D, Aegis of French National Observatory of Multiple Sclerosis (2013) Efficacy of mitoxantrone in neuromyelitis optica spectrum: clinical and neuroradiological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 84:511–516
Dörr J, Bitsch A, Schmailzl KJG et al (2009) Severe cardiac failure in a patient with multiple sclerosis following low-dose mitoxantrone treatment. Neurology 73:991–993
Stroet A, Hemmelmann C, Starck M et al (2012) Incidence of therapy-related acute leukaemia in mitoxantrone-treated multiple sclerosis patients in Germany. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 5:75–79
Martinelli V, Cocco E, Capra R et al (2011) Acute myeloid leukemia in Italian patients with multiple sclerosis treated with mitoxantrone. Neurology 77:1887–1895
Bonnet F, Mercié P, Morlat P et al (1999) Devic’s neuromyelitis optica during pregnancy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 8:244–247
Jacobi C, Stingele K, Kretz R, Hartmann M, Storch-Hagenlocher B, Breitbart A, Wildemann B (2006) Neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s syndrome) as first manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 15:107–109
Mok CC, To CH, Mak A, Poon WL (2008) Immunoablative cyclophosphamide for refractory lupus-related neuromyelitis optica. J Rheumatol 35:172–174
Yaguchi H, Sakushima K, Takahashi I et al (2013) Efficacy of intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Intern Med 52:969–972
Bichuetti DB, Oliveira EML, Boulos F de C, Gabbai AA (2012) Lack of response to pulse cyclophosphamide in neuromyelitis optica: evaluation of 7 patients. Arch Neurol 69:938–939
Minagar A, Sheremara W (2000) Treatment of Devic’s disease with methotrexate and prednisone. Int J MS Care 2:39–43
Papeix C, Vidal J-S, de Seze J et al (2007) Immunosuppressive therapy is more effective than interferon in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 13:256–259
Shimizu J, Hatanaka Y, Hasegawa M et al (2010) IFNβ-1b may severely exacerbate Japanese optic-spinal MS in neuromyelitis optica spectrum. Neurology 75:1423–1427
Palace J, Leite MI, Nairne A, Vincent A (2010) Interferon Beta treatment in neuromyelitis optica: increase in relapses and aquaporin 4 antibody titers. Arch Neurol 67:1016–1017
Kim S-H, Kim W, Li XF, Jung I-J, Kim HJ (2012) Does interferon beta treatment exacerbate neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder? Mult Scler 18:1480–1483
Uzawa A, Mori M, Hayakawa S, Masuda S, Kuwabara S (2010) Different responses to interferon beta-1b treatment in patients with neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 17:672–676
Gartzen K, Limmroth V, Putzki N (2007) Relapsing neuromyelitis optica responsive to glatiramer acetate treatment. Eur J Neurol 14:e12–e13
Bergamaschi R, Uggetti C, Tonietti S, Egitto MG, Cosi V (2003) A case of relapsing neuromyelitis optica treated with glatiramer acetate. J Neurol 250:359–361
Kitley J, Elsone L, George J, Waters P, Woodhall M, Vincent A, Jacob A, Leite MI, Palace J (2013) Methotrexate is an alternative to azathioprine in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with aquaporin-4 antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 84:918–921
Kleiter I, Hellwig K, Berthele A, Kümpfel T, Linker RA, Hartung H-P, Paul F, Aktas O (2012) Failure of natalizumab to prevent relapses in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 69:239–245
Barnett MH, Prineas JW, Buckland ME, Parratt JDE, Pollard JD (2012) Massive astrocyte destruction in neuromyelitis optica despite natalizumab therapy. Mult Scler 18:108–112
Jacob A, Hutchinson M, Elsone L, Kelly S, Ali R, Saukans I, Tubridy N, Boggild M (2012) Does natalizumab therapy worsen neuromyelitis optica? Neurology 79:1065–1066
Min J-H, Kim BJ, Lee KH (2012) Development of extensive brain lesions following fingolimod (FTY720) treatment in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler 18:113–115
Kageyama T, Komori M, Miyamoto K, Ozaki A, Suenaga T, Takahashi R, Kusunoki S, Matsumoto S, Kondo T (2013) Combination of cyclosporine A with corticosteroids is effective for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol 260:627–634
Miyamoto K, Kusunoki S (2009) Intermittent plasmapheresis prevents recurrence in neuromyelitis optica. Ther Apher Dial 13:505–508
Chihara N, Aranami T, Sato W, Miyazaki Y, Miyake S, Okamoto T, Ogawa M, Toda T, Yamamura T (2011) Interleukin 6 signaling promotes anti-aquaporin 4 autoantibody production from plasmablasts in neuromyelitis optica. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:3701–3706
Araki M, Aranami T, Matsuoka T, Nakamura M, Miyake S, Yamamura T (2013) Clinical improvement in a patient with neuromyelitis optica following therapy with the anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody tocilizumab. Mod Rheumatol 23:827–831
Kieseier BC, Stüve O, Dehmel T et al (2012) Disease amelioration with tocilizumab in a treatment-resistant patient with neuromyelitis optica: implication for cellular immune responses. JAMA Neurol 70:390–393
Ayzenberg I, Kleiter I, Schröder A, Hellwig K, Chan A, Yamamura T, Gold R (2013) Interleukin 6 receptor blockade in patients with neuromyelitis optica nonresponsive to anti-CD20 therapy. JAMA Neurol 70:394–397
Pittock SJ, Lennon VA, McKeon A, Mandrekar J, Weinshenker BG, Lucchinetti CF, O’Toole O, Wingerchuk DM (2013) Eculizumab in AQP4-IgG-positive relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: an open-label pilot study. Lancet Neurol 12:554–562
Tradtrantip L, Zhang H, Saadoun S, Phuan P-W, Lam C, Papadopoulos MC, Bennett JL, Verkman AS (2012) Anti-aquaporin-4 monoclonal antibody blocker therapy for neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 71:314–322
Miyazaki K, Abe Y, Iwanari H et al (2013) Establishment of monoclonal antibodies against the extracellular domain that block binding of NMO-IgG to AQP4. J Neuroimmunol 260:107–116
Saadoun S, Waters P, MacDonald C, Bell BA, Vincent A, Verkman AS, Papadopoulos MC (2012) Neutrophil protease inhibition reduces neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin G-induced damage in mouse brain. Ann Neurol 71:323–333
Zhang H, Verkman AS (2013) Eosinophil pathogenicity mechanisms and therapeutics in neuromyelitis optica. J Clin Invest 123:2306–2316
Tradtrantip L, Asavapanumas N, Verkman AS (2013) Therapeutic cleavage of anti-aquaporin-4 autoantibody in neuromyelitis optica by an IgG-selective proteinase. Mol Pharmacol 83:1268–1275
Tradtrantip L, Ratelade J, Zhang H, Verkman AS (2013) Enzymatic deglycosylation converts pathogenic neuromyelitis optica anti-aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G into therapeutic antibody. Ann Neurol 73:77–85
Matiello M, Pittock SJ, Porrata L, Weinshenker BG (2011) Failure of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to prevent relapse of neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 68:953–955
Qian P, Cross AH, Naismith RT (2011) Lack of response to monoclonal antibody therapy in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 68:1207–1209
Vaknin-Dembinsky A, Brill L, Kassis I, Petrou P, Ovadia H, Ben-Hur T, Abramsky O, Karussis D (2012) T-cell reactivity against AQP4 in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 79:945–946
Herges K, de Jong BA, Kolkowitz I et al (2012) Protective effect of an elastase inhibitor in a neuromyelitis optica-like disease driven by a peptide of myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein. Mult Scler 18:398–408