Turning Base Hits into Earned Runs: Improving the Effectiveness of Forensic DNA Data Bank Programs
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37. Foreman, L. , “Ohio Attorney General Uses Victims' Fund To Ease DNA Backlog,” August 9, 2004, WCPO TV website, at <http://www.wcpo.com/news/2004/local/08/09/dna.html> (last visited February 28, 2006).
15. See supra note 8.
29. Willing, R. , “DNA Matches Win Few Convictions in VA,” USA Today, November 7, 2005, USA Today website, at <http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-11-07-dna-convictions_x.htm?csp=34> (last visited February 28, 2006).
20. Bieber, F. R. Lazer, D. , “Guilt by Association,” New Scientist, October 23, 2004, available at <http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18424703.000>; Bieber, F. R. Brenner, C. H. Lazer, D. , unpublished.
31. Goodyear, C. Hallissy, E. , “Dangerous Delay on DNA. State Struggles to Gather Genetic Profiles of Violent Felons,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 19, 1999, at <http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1999/10/19/MN05DNA.DTL> (last visited February 28, 2006).
36. McGrory, B. and Levenson, M. , “Worthington Probe Eyed Higher-Profile Leads,” The Boston Globe, April 17, 2005, available at <http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2005/04/17/worthington_probe_eyed_higher_profile_leads/> (last visited February 28, 2006).
25. See supra note 13.
21. See BBC News, “How Police Found Gafoor,” at <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/3038138.stm> (last visited February 28, 2006).
8. For details on the National DNA Databank of Canada, see National DNA Databank website, at <http://www.nddb-bndg.org/main_e.htm> (last visited February 28, 2006); National DNA Databank of Canada, Annual Report, 2004–2005, at <http://www.nddb-bndg.org/train/docs/Annual_2005_e.pdf> (last visited February 28, 2006); for details on the Canadian DNA Identification Act of 1998, see Department of Justice Canada, Updates to Justice Laws website, at <http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/D-3.8/185698.html> (last visited February 28, 2006).
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18. Willing, R. , “Suspects Get Snared by a Relative's DNA,” USA Today, June 7, 2005.
11. See Axelrad, S. , supra note 10; following the U.K. lead, in the U.S. there has been steady growth in the size of convicted offender DNA databases (e.g., an approximately five-fold increase in the past four years) due in large part to an expansion of the statutory criteria for inclusion. In the U.S., forty-three states have amended their criminal codes to provide for DNA collections from all felons and six states (CA, LA, TX, and VA) now include arrestees as well. Currently there are almost three million DNA profiles and samples in the U.S. offender/arrestee databank.
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30. DNA is left at the majority of sexual assaults, but the extent to which it is available at other types of crime is quite variable. This alone can preclude use of DNA testing.
17. Solomon, J. , “A.P.: FBI's DNA Database Gets Heavy Use,” March 9, 2004, available at <http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2004/03/09/ap_fbis_dna_database_gets_heavy_use?mode=PF> (last visited February 28, 2006).
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23. Goodyear, C. Hallissy, E. , “The Other Side of DNA Evidence: An Innocent Man is Freed,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 19, 1999, at <http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1999/10/19/MN03DNA.DTL> (last visited February 28, 2006).
22. Potter, T. , “Source: Daughter's Records Were Subpoenaed,” Wichita Eagle, March 3, 2005.
14. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, The National DNA Database PostNote, February 2006, Number 258, at <http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/postpn258.pdf> (last visited March 5, 2006).
12. Codified at 42 U.S.C. &14135a (2005). President George W. Bush, on January 5, 2006, signed into law the Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 (H.R. 3402). Public Law Number 109–162 (See Table 1 for summary of DNA provisions).
27. Adams, D. , “National DNA Database is Well-Worth Taxpayers' Investment,” USA Today, November 30, 2005, at <http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-30-letters-dna-database_x.htm>.
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16. U.S. v. Kincade , 354 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir. 2003), vacated en banc 379 F.3d 813 (9th Cir. 2004).
10. See Axelrad, S. , Survey of DNA Database Statutes (as of July, 2005), at <www.aslme.org>.
9. Interpol Resolution 8, DNA Profiling, available at <http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/GeneralAssembly/AGN67/Resolutions/AGN67RES8.asp> (last visited February 28, 2006).
Bright, 2004, Familial Database Searching – a New Zealand Case Study
26. Various jurisdictions report “cold hit” rates – the percentage of crime scene DNA profiles that connect to a catalogued offender in the database – of from ten percent to as much as sixty percent. The variation depends on the rules for database inclusion, the maturity of the database, and on how the statistics are defined.
24. See supra note 8.
32. FBI website, Uniform Crime Reports, at <http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm> (last visited February 28, 2006); U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Crime and Victims Statistics, at <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm#summary> (last visited February 28, 2006).
5. FBI, CODIS webpage, Mission Statement and Background, at <http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/codis/program.htm> (last visited February 28, 2006).
13. For the official statistics on the U.S. DNA database, see CODIS home page, at <http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/codis/index1.htm> (last visited February 28, 2006), also, NDIS Statistics, at <http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/codis/clickmap.htm> (last visited February 28, 2006).
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38. Available at <http://www.aslme.org/dna_04/work2/report.php>.
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