Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiographic Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation Severity: Usefulness of Qualitative and Semiquantitative Techniques

Echocardiography - Tập 22 Số 9 - Trang 748-769 - 2005
Deepak Khanna1, Andrew P. Miller1, Navin C. Nanda1, Sujood Ahmed1, Steven G. Lloyd1
1Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama

Tóm tắt

In this report, we review the advantages, limitations, and optimal utilization of various transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic (TTE and TEE) methods used for assessing mitral regurgitation (MR) as published in full‐length, peer‐reviewed articles since the color Doppler era began in 1984. In addition, comparison is made to other imaging modalities including catheter‐based, magnetic resonance and surgical assessment of MR. Although left ventricular (LV) angiography has been traditionally used for validation of various TTE methods and is time‐honored, its considerable limitations preclude it from being a real “gold standard.” Based on the reviewed literature, no clear “gold standard” for the assessment of MR can be identified at present, but newly emerging TTE and TEE techniques, such as three‐dimensional color Doppler, may have the potential to overcome some of the limitations of the two‐dimensional methods.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1161/01.CIR.75.1.175

10.1016/S0009-9260(68)80057-1

10.1016/0735-1097(89)90597-4

10.1016/0002-8703(90)90254-U

10.1111/j.0742-2822.2004.40027.x

10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015044

10.1016/0735-1097(93)90248-Y

10.1161/01.CIR.91.3.746

10.1016/0735-1097(92)90113-2

Grossman W, 1980, Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography, 305

10.1016/0002-9149(94)90232-1

Sellers RD, 1964, Left retrograde cardioangiography in acquired cardiac diseases: Technique, indications and interpretations in 700 cases, Am J Cardiol, 14, 437, 10.1016/0002-9149(64)90027-X

10.4065/73.10.929

10.1161/01.CIR.84.2.712

10.1161/01.CIR.95.3.636

10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00335-3

10.1016/S0894-7317(05)80357-8

10.1007/s00547-004-1021-y

10.1016/0735-1097(93)90844-Q

10.1161/01.CIR.83.2.594

10.1161/01.CIR.88.3.1150

10.1161/01.CIR.96.10.3409

10.1016/S0167-5273(98)00224-1

10.1016/S0167-5273(98)00355-6

10.1016/0735-1097(94)00434-R

10.1016/S0894-7317(97)70089-0

10.1023/B:CAIM.0000014035.71408.71

10.1046/j.1540-8175.2003.03020.x

10.1136/heart.88.6.651

10.1161/01.CIR.70.3.425

10.1161/01.RES.45.5.677

10.1016/0002-8703(92)90702-W

Oh JK, 1999, Echo Manual, 122

10.1161/01.CIR.87.3.841

10.1136/hrt.62.3.177

10.1016/0002-9149(86)90214-6

10.1016/S0002-9149(97)89217-X

Otto C, 2000, The Practice of Clinical Echocardiography, 367

10.1016/0735-1097(94)90432-4

10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00305-1

10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00878-3

10.1161/01.CIR.91.3.746

10.1016/S0894-7317(14)80161-2

10.1161/01.CIR.95.3.636

10.1161/01.CIR.90.1.307

Chin C, 2002, Value of vena contracta width for predicting the severity of mitral regurgitation: Comparison of left ventricular systolic dysfunction and normal left ventricular function, Acta Cardiol Sin, 18, 63

10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00111-4

10.1016/0735-1097(92)90612-Q

10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00335-9

10.1016/S0002-9149(96)90066-1

10.1161/01.CIR.85.4.1237

10.1111/j.1540-8175.1992.tb00452.x

10.1161/01.CIR.82.4.1121

10.1016/S1053-0770(98)90050-7

10.1161/01.CIR.92.8.2169

10.1016/0002-9149(94)90585-1

10.1016/S0894-7317(99)70133-1

10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00041-8

10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00239-3

10.1016/0735-1097(96)00023-X

10.1016/S0167-5273(02)00196-1

Pepine CJ, 1997, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiac Catheterization, 255

10.1016/0002-9149(84)90585-X

10.1161/01.CIR.18.6.1105

10.1016/0002-9149(84)90723-9

10.1016/S0002-9149(97)01024-2

10.1002/jmri.1159

Cohn LH, 2003, Cardiac Surgery in the Adult, 910

10.1016/S0146-2806(06)80015-0

10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.1.H56

Carpentier A, 1983, Cardiac valve surgery: The French correction, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 86, 323, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)39144-5

Carpentier A, 1980, Reconstructive surgery of mitral valve incompetence: Ten year appraisal, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 79, 338, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)37942-5

Wells FC, 1996, Mitral Valve Disease, 114

Spencer FC, 1995, Surgery of the Chest, 1673

10.1056/NEJMoa041451

10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.069

10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.036