Transdifferentiation properties of adipocytes in the adipose organ

American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism - Tập 297 Số 5 - Trang E977-E986 - 2009
Saverio Cinti1
1Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy

Tóm tắt

Mammals have two types of adipocytes, white and brown, but their anatomy and physiology is different. White adipocytes store lipids, and brown adipocytes burn them to produce heat. Previous descriptions implied their localization in distinct sites, but we demonstrated that they are mixed in many depots, raising the concept of adipose organ. We explain the reason for their cohabitation with the hypothesis of reversible physiological transdifferentiation; they are able to convert one into each other. If needed, the brown component of the organ could increase at the expense of the white component and vice versa. This plasticity is important because the brown phenotype of the organ associates with resistance to obesity and related disorders. Another example of physiological transdifferetiation of adipocytes is offered by the mammary gland; the pregnancy hormonal stimuli seems to trigger a reversible transdifferentiation of adipocytes into milk-secreting epithelial glands. The obese adipose organ is infiltrated by macrophages inducing chronic inflamation that is widely considered as a causative factor for insulin resistance. We showed that the vast majority of macrophages infiltrating the obese organ are arranged around dead adipocytes, forming characteristic crown-like structures. We recently found that visceral fat is more infiltrated than the subcutaneous fat despite a smaller size of visceral adipocytes. This suggests a different susceptibility of visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes to death, raising the concept of smaller critical death size that could be important to explain the key role of visceral fat for the metabolic disorders associated with obesity.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00301-5

10.1073/pnas.0610416104

10.1126/science.1073160

10.1136/jcp.2004.017897

10.1006/excr.1993.1241

10.1016/S0022-5320(69)90108-7

10.1111/j.1365-2796.1991.tb00431.x

Blanchette-Mackie EJ, 1995, J Lipid Res, 36, 1211, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)41129-0

10.1021/jm0680124

10.2337/diabetes.54.8.2277

10.2337/db06-0133

10.1210/endo.139.11.6434

10.1016/0014-5793(82)81319-7

10.1042/bst0140233

10.1152/physrev.00015.2003

10.1073/pnas.88.23.10774

10.1007/BF01964004

10.1093/ajcn/34.9.1791

Cigolini M, 1986, J Anat, 145, 207

10.1016/S0014-4827(85)80056-2

10.1007/BF03344046

Cinti S, 1999, The Adipose Organ

10.1079/PNS200192

Cinti S, 1984, J Submicrosc Cytol, 16, 243

10.1016/0040-8166(87)90021-8

10.1210/endo.138.2.4908

10.1194/jlr.M500294-JLR200

10.1111/j.1768-322X.1989.tb00883.x

10.1210/endo.138.1.4829

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199605)167:2<285::AID-JCP12>3.0.CO;2-7

Cousin B, 1992, J Cell Sci, 103, 931, 10.1242/jcs.103.4.931

10.1172/JCI28510

10.1056/NEJMoa0810780

10.1038/sj.ijo.0802148

10.1023/A:1006996922657

10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.5.R1460

10.1016/S1357-2725(01)00046-2

10.1038/387090a0

10.1152/ajpregu.00197.2006

10.1369/jhc.6A7013.2006

Garruti G, 1992, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 16, 383

10.1007/s00247-005-1505-8

10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00162-7

10.1038/sj.ijo.0800432

10.1369/jhc.4A6566.2005

10.1152/ajpregu.00250.2007

Giordano A, 1998, J Cell Sci, 111, 2587, 10.1242/jcs.111.17.2587

10.1007/BF02284791

10.1016/S0014-5793(00)02217-1

10.1152/ajpregu.00679.2005

10.1152/ajpendo.00009.2005

Greenberg AS, 1991, J Biol Chem, 266, 11341, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)99168-4

10.1172/JCI3155

10.1038/sj.ijo.0802205

10.1007/s00259-002-0902-6

10.1210/jc.2006-1811

10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.3.C670

10.1007/BF00422121

10.1038/oby.2003.45

10.1073/pnas.071056098

10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03422.x

10.1210/jc.2004-0395

10.1201/9781498712644

10.1152/ajpendo.1996.270.5.E768

10.1177/41.5.8468458

10.1152/ajpregu.00890.2006

10.1172/JCI0215736

10.1007/s12149-007-0096-x

10.1093/ajcn/76.4.780

10.1210/endo.141.10.7691

10.1007/BF00678721

10.1038/366740a0

Manieri M, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis

10.1152/ajpendo.1982.242.2.E93

10.1073/pnas.0407647101

10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01001.x

10.1194/jlr.M800019-JLR200

Murano I, 2005, Adipocytes, 1, 121

10.1002/ar.1091470210

10.1152/ajpendo.00691.2006

10.1038/sj.cdd.4401956

10.1038/sj.ijo.0801788

Oberkofler H, 1997, J Lipid Res, 38, 2125, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37142-X

10.1159/000156293

10.1042/cs0920003

10.1007/s001090100198

10.1016/0026-0495(86)90217-9

10.1096/fasebj.5.9.1860614

Ricquier D, 1982, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 54, 803, 10.1210/jcem-54-4-803

Saito M, Diabetes

10.1016/j.cmet.2007.06.001

10.1002/ar.1091950106

10.1038/nature06902

10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92474-9

10.2337/db07-0767

10.1126/science.1156232

10.1074/jbc.M305235200

Trayhurn P, 1986, Brown Adipose Tissue

10.1080/13813450802306602

10.1017/S0007114508971282

10.1079/BJN20041213

10.1038/nature07221

10.1074/jbc.M005210200

10.1056/NEJMoa0808718

10.1056/NEJMoa0808949

10.1172/JCI200319246

10.1172/JCI200319451

10.1007/s00259-007-0538-7

10.1038/oby.2003.163

10.1016/0014-5793(84)80822-4

10.1016/0248-4900(94)90021-3

10.1038/372425a0

Zingaretti MC, FASEB J

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism

Tập 297 Số 5

E977-E986

Thông tin tác giả