Towards an understanding of hominin marrow extraction strategies: a proposal for a percussion mark terminology

Abe Y (2005) Hunting and butchery patterns of the Evenki in northern Transbaikalia, Russia. Stony brook University

Anconetani P (1999) An experimental approach to intentional bone fracture: a case study from the Middle Pleistocene site of Isernia La Pineta. In: Gaudzinski-windheuser S, Turner E (eds) The Role of Early Humans in the Accumulation of European Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Bone Assemblages. Habelt, pp 121–138

Archer M, Crawford IM, Merrilees D (1980) Incisions, breakages and charring, some probably man-made, in fossil bones from mammoth cave, Western Australia. Alcheringa 4:115–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518008619643

Arilla M, Rosell J, Blasco R, Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Pickering TR (2014) The “bear” essentials: Actualistic research on Ursus arctos arctos in the Spanish Pyrenees and its implications for paleontology and archaeology. PLoS One 9:e102457. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102457

Arilla M, Rosell J, Blasco R (2019) Contributing to characterise wild predator behaviour: consumption pattern, spatial distribution and bone damage on ungulate carcasses consumed by red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11:2271–2291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0675-x

Arriaza MC, Aramendi J, Maté-González MÁ et al (2018) Geometric-morphometric analysis of tooth pits and the identification of felid and hyenid agency in bone modification. Quat Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.11.023

Balasse M, Brugal J-P, Dauphin Y, Geigl EM, Oberlin C, Reiche I (2015). Messages d'os. Archéométrie du squelette animal et humain. Editions des archives contemporaines: Paris.

Barba R, Domínguez-Rodrigo M (2005) The Taphonomic relevance of the analysis of bovid long limb bone shaft features and their application to element identification: study of bone thickness and morphology of the medullary cavity. J Taphon 3:17–30

Barone R (1976) Anatomie comparée des mammifères domestiques : Tome 1. Ostéologie, Paris

Behrensmeyer AK, Gordon KD, GT Yanagi (1989) Nonhuman bone modification to Miocene fossils from Pakistan. In: Bonnichsen RMS (eds) Bone Modification. Orono, Maine, pp 99–120

Binford LR (1978) Nunamiut: Ethnoarchaeology. Academic P, New-York

Binford LR (1981) Bones: ancient men and modern myths. Academic P, New-York

Binford LR (1984) Bones of contention: a reply to Glynn Isaac. Am Antiq 49:164–167. https://doi.org/10.2307/280522

Black D, De Chardin PT, Yang CC et al (1933) Fossil man in China: the Choukoutien cave deposits with a synopsis of our present knowledge of the late Cenozoic in China. Geol Surv China, Sect Geol Natl Acad Peiping 11:1–10

Blasco R, Rosell J, Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Lozano S, Pastó I, Riba D, Vaquero M, Peris JF, Arsuaga JL, de Castro JM, Carbonell E (2013) Learning by heart: cultural patterns in the faunal processing sequence during the middle Pleistocene. PLoS One 8:e55863. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055863

Blasco R, Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Arilla M et al (2014) Breaking bones to obtain marrow: a comparative study between percussion by batting bone on an anvil and hammerstone percussion. Archaeometry 56:1085–1104. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12084

Blumenschine RJ (1986) Carcass consumption sequences and the archaeological distinction of scavenging and hunting. J Hum Evol 15:639–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2484(86)80002-1

Blumenschine RJ (1988) An experimental model of the timing of hominid and carnivore influence on archaeological bone assemblages. J Archaeol Sci 15:483–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(88)90078-7

Blumenschine RJ (1995) Percussion marks, tooth marks, and experimental determinations of the timing of hominid and carnivore access to long bones at FLK Zinjanthropus, Olduvai Gorge. Tanzania J Hum Evol 29:21–51

Blumenschine RJ, Marean CW (1993) A carnivore’s view of archaeological bone assemblages. In: Hudson J (ed) from bones to behavior: ethnoarchaeological and experimental contributions to the interpretation of faunal remains. Southern Illinois, pp 273–300

Blumenschine RJ, Selvaggio MM (1988) Percussion marks on bone surfaces as a new diagnostic of hominid behaviour. Nature 333:763–765

Blumenschine RJ, Selvaggio MM (1991) On the marks of marrow bone processing by hammerstones and hyenas: their anatomical patterning and archaeological implications. In: Clark JD (ed) Cultural beginnings: approaches to understanding early hominid life-ways in the African savanna. Mainz, pp 17–32

Blumenschine RJ, Marean CW, Capaldo SD (1996) Blind tests of inter-analyst correspondence and accuracy in the identification of cut marks , percussion marks , and carnivore tooth marks on bone surfaces. J Archaeol Sci 23:493–507. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1996.0047

Boesch C, Boesch H (1989) Hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees in the Tai National Park. Am J Phys Anthr 78:547–573. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330780410

Bonnichsen R (1979) Pleistocene bone technology in the Beringian Refugium. Musée Natl l’Homme Collect Mercur Comm Archéologique du Canada Publ d’Archéologie Doss Ottawa 89:1–280

Bonnichsen R, Will RT (1980) Cultural modification of bone: the experimental approach in faunal analysis. In: Gilbert BM (ed) Mammalian osteology, 2nd edn. Missouri Archaeological Society, Colombia, Missouri, pp 7–30

Boschian G, Saccà D (2015) In the elephant , everything is good : Carcass use and re-use at Castel di. Quat Int 361:288–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.030

Boschian G, Caramella D, Saccà D, Barkai R (2019) Are there marrow cavities in Pleistocene elephant limb bones, and was marrow available to early humans? New CT scan results from the site of Castel di Guido (Italy). Quat Sci Rev 215:86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.05.010

Boulestin B (1998) Approche taphonomique des restes humains. Le cas des mésolithiques de la gotte des Perrats (Agris, Charente). 435

Boulestin B (1999) Approche taphonomique des restes humains. Publishers of British Archaeological Reports, Oxford

Brain CK (1969) The contribution of Namib Desert Hottentots to an understanding of australopithecine bone accumulations. Sci Pap Namib Desert Res Stn 39:13–22

Brain CK (1981) The hunters or the hunted?: an introduction to African cave taphonomy. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

Breuil H (1938) The use of bone implements in the old Paleolithic period. Antiquity 12:56–67

Breuil H, Boyle ME (1939) Bone and antler industry of the Choukoutien" Sinanthropus" site. Geol Surv China 6:1–20

Breuil H, Lantier R (1959) Les hommes de la pierre ancienne: paléolithique et mésolithique. Pavot, Paris

Brugal J-P (2017) TaphonomieS. Editions d, Paris

Brugal JP, Defleur A (1989) Approche expérimentale de la fracturation des os des membres de grands mammifère. Artefacts 7:14–20

Bunn HT (1981) Archaeological evidence for meat-eating by Plio-Pleistocene hominids from Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge. Nature 291:574–577. https://doi.org/10.1038/291574a0

Bunn HT (1982) Animal bones and archeological inference. Science (80- ) 215:494–495. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.215.4532.494

Bunn HT (1991) A Taphonomic perspective on the archaeology of human origins. Annu Rev Anthropol 20:433–467. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.002245

Bunn HT, Kroll EM, Ambrose SH et al (1986) Systematic Butchery by Pijo / Pleistocene Hominids at Olduvai Gorge , Tanzania [and Comments and Reply]. Curr Anthropol 27:431–452

Capaldo SD (1995) Inferring hominid and carnivore behavior from dual-patterned archaeofaunal assemblages. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick

Capaldo SD (1997) Experimental determinations of carcass processing by Plio-Pleistocene hominids and carnivores at FLK 22 (Zinjanthropus), Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. J Hum Evol 33:555–597. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1997.0150

Capaldo SD, Blumenschine RJ (1994) A quantitative diagnosis of notches made by Hammerstone percussion and carnivore gnawing on bovid long bones. Am Antiq 59:724–748

Chevillard, L (2018) Du geste au stigmate: apport de l’expérimentation à la caractérisation des impacts de percussion en contexte archéologique. Master Thesis. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle: Paris p.40

Cavallo JA, Blumenschine RJ (1989) Tree-stored leopard kills: expanding the hominid scavenging niche. J Hum Evol 18(4):431–452

Costamagno S (1999) Stratégies de Chasse et Fonction des Sites au Magdalénien dans le Sud de la France. PhD Thesis, Université Bordeaux I, Bordeaux

Costamagno S, David F (2009) Comparaison des pratiques bouchères et culinaires de différents groupes sibériens vivant de la renniculture. Archaeofauna 18:9–25

Currey JD (1984) What should bones be designed to do? Calcif Tissue Int. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02406127

Currey JD (2012) The structure and mechanics of bone. J Mater Sci 47:41–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5914-9

Dart RA (1957) The Osteodontokeratic culture of Australopithecus Promethius: the total contents of the breccia hitherto. Transvaal Museum Mem 10:21–35

Dart RA (1960) The persistence of some tools and utensils found first in the Makapansgat grey breccia. S Afr J Sci 56:71–74

Dauvois M (1974) Industrie osseuse préhistorique et expérimentations. In: Camp-Fabrer H (ed) Premier colloque international sur l’industrie de l’os dans la préhistoire. Senanque, pp 72–84

Delpech F, Rigaud J-P (1974) Etude de la fragmentation et de la répartition des restes osseux dans un niveau d’habitat paléolithique. In: Camps-Fabrer H (ed) L’Industrie de l’Os dans la Préhistoire. Université, Marseille, pp 47–55

Delpech F, Rigaud J-P (1977) Étude de la fragmentation et de la répartition des restes osseux dans un niveau d’habitat paléolithique. Société d’Etudes Rech Préhistoriques Bull Les Eyzies 26:71–81

Díez JC, Fernández-jalvo Y, Rosell J, Caceres I (1999) Zooarchaeology and taphonomy of Aurora Stratum (Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). J Hum Evol 37:623–652. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1999.0346

Domínguez-Rodrigo M (2002) Hunting and scavenging by early humans : the state of the debate. J World Prehistory 16:1–54

Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Barba R (2006) New estimates of tooth mark and percussion mark frequencies at the FLK Zinj site: the carnivore-hominid-carnivore hypothesis falsified. J Hum Evol 50:170–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.09.005

Domínguez-Rodrigo M, de Juana S, Galán AB, Rodríguez M (2009) A new protocol to differentiate trampling marks from butchery cut marks. J Archaeol Sci 36:2643–2654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.07.017

Efremov IA (1940) Taphonomy: new branch of paleontology. Pan-American Geol 74:81–93

Elkin DC (1995) Volume density of South Amer can Camelid skeletal parts *. Int J Osteoarchaeol 5:29–37

Enloe JG (1993) Ethnoarchaeology of marrow cracking: implications for the recognition of prehistoric subsistence organization. In: Hudson J (ed) From bones to behavior: ethnoarchaeological and experimental contributions to the interpretation of faunal remains. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp 82–100

Evans FG (1961) Relation of the physical properties of bone to fractures. Instr Course Lect 18:110

Fernández-Jalvo Y, Andrews P (2016) ) Atlas of Taphonomic Identifications. Springer Science+Buisness Media Dordrecht, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series, London

Fisher JW (1995) Bone surface modifications in zooarchaeology. J Archaeol Method Theory 2:7–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02228434

Follet H (2002) Caractérisation Biomécanique et Modélisation 3D par Imagerie X et IRM haute résolution de l ’ os spongieux humain : Evaluation du risque fracturaire Contexte. 2002. doi: tel-00003145

Galán B, Rodríguez M, de Juana S, Domínguez-Rodrigo M (2009) A new experimental study on percussion marks and notches and their bearing on the interpretation of hammerstone-broken faunal assemblages. J Archaeol Sci 36:776–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.003

García-Moreno A, Hutson JM, Villaluenga A, et al (2014) Counting sheep without falling asleep: using Gis to calculate the minimum number of skeletal elements (MNE) and other archaeozoological measures at Schöningen 13Ii-4 ‘Spear Horizon.’ In: Giligny F, Djindjian F, Costa L, S R (eds) Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Paris, pp 407–412

Gifford-Gonzalez DP (1989) Ethnographic analogues for interpreting modified bones: some cases from East Africa. In Bonnichsen, R., and Sorg, M. H. (eds.), Bone Modification, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Orono,179–246

Gifford-Gonzalez D (2018) An introduction to Zooarchaeology. Springer International Publishing, Cham

Gonzales DG (1991) Bones are not enough: analogues, knowlege, and interpretive strategies in zooarchaeology. J Anthropol Archaeol 10:215–254

Griggo C (2013) La grotte Tempiette (Entremonts le Vieux): un piège naturel à bouquetins et chamois, dantant du Mésolithique. Journées Natl l’Archéologie des musée Savoisien Actual la Rech:1–26

Haynes G (1982) Bone modifications and skeletal disturbances by natural agencies: studies in North America. Catholic University of America

Haynes G (1983) Frequencies of spiral and green-bone fractures on ungulate limb bones in modern surface assemblages. Am Antiq 48:102–114

Haynes G, Stanford D (1984) On the possible utilization of Camelops by early man in North America. Quat Int 22:216–230

Hill A (1976) On carnivore and weathering damage to bone. Curr Anthropol 17:335–336. https://doi.org/10.1086/201732

Hill A (1989) Bone modification by modem spotted hyenas. In: Bonnichsen R, Sorg M (eds) Bone Modification. Orono, Maine, pp 169–178

Holen SR, Deméré TA, Fisher DC, Fullagar R, Paces JB, Jefferson GT, Beeton JM, Cerutti RA, Rountrey AN, Vescera L, Holen KA (2017) A 130,000-year-old archaeological site in southern California, USA. Nat Publ Gr 544:479–483. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22065

Isaac G (1971) The diet of early man: aspects of archaeological evidence from lower and middle Pleistocene sites in Africa. World Archaeol 2:278–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1971.9979481

Isaac G (1978) The food-sharing behavior of Protohuman hominids. Sci Am 238:90–108

Isaac G (1983) Review of bones: ancient men and modern myths by Lewis Binford. Am Antiq 48:416–418

Johnson E (1985) Current developments in bone technology. In: Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. Elsevier, pp 157–235

Jones KT, Metcalfe D (1988) Bare bones archaeology: bone marrow indices and efficiency. J Archaeol Sci 15:415–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(88)90039-8

Karr LP, Outram AK (2012) Actualistic research into dynamic impact and its implications for understanding differential bone fragmentation and survivorship. J Archaeol Sci 39:3443–3449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.013

Karr LP, Outram AK (2015) Bone degradation and environment: understanding, assessing and conducting archaeological experiments using modern animal bones. Int J Osteoarchaeol 25:201–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2275

Karr LP, Hannus AL, Outram AK (2008) Bone Marrow and Bone Grease Exploitation on the Plains of South Dakota: A New Perspective on Bone Fracture Evidence from the Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village. South Dakota Archaeology 26: 33–63

Kreutzer LA (1992) Bison and deer bone mineral densities : comparisons and implications for the interpretation of archaeological faunas. 271–294

Lam YM, Chen X, Pearson OM (1999) Intertaxonomic variability in patterns of bone density and the differential representation of bovid, cervid, and equid elements in the archaeological record. Soc Am Archaeol 64:343–362. https://doi.org/10.2307/2694204

Leroi-Gourhan A (1952) Sur la position scientifique de l’ethnologie. Rev Philos France Let 142:506–518

Lyman RL (1987) Archaeofaunas and butchery studies: a taphonomic perspective. Adv Archaeol Method Theory 10:249–337

Lyman RL (1992) Anatomical considerations of utility curves in zooarchaeology. J Archaeol Sci 19:7–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(92)90003-L

Lyman LR (1994) Vertebrate taphonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Lyman RL (2004) The concept of equifinality in taphonomy. J Taphon 2:15–26

Lyman RL (2008) Quantitative paleozoology, Cambridge University Press, New York

Lynn KS, Fairgrieve SI (2009) Macroscopic analysis of axe and hatchet trauma in fleshed and defleshed mammalian long bones. J Forensic Sci 54:786–792. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01061.x

Madrigal TC, Holt JZ (2002) White-tailed deer meat and marrow return rates and their application to eastern woodlands archaeology. Am Antiq 67:745–759

Maguire JM, Pemberton D, Collett MH (1980) The Makapansgat limeworks grey breccia: hominids, hyaenas, hystricids or hillwash? Palaeontol africana 23:75–98

Mallye J, Thiébaut C, Mourre V, Costamagno S (2012) The Mousterian bone retouchers of Noisetier Cave : experimentation and identification of marks. J Archaeol Sci 39:1131–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.12.018

Marean CW, Spencer LM, Blumenschine RJ, Capaldo SD (1992) Captive hyaena bone choice and destruction, the schlepp effect and olduvai archaeofaunas. J Archaeol Sci 19:101–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(92)90009-R

Marín-Arroyo AB, Margalida A (2012) Distinguishing bearded vulture activities within archaeological contexts: identification guidelines. Int J Osteoarchaeol 22:563–576. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1279

Martin H (1906) Maillets ou enclumes en os provenant de la couche moustérienne de la Quina (Charente). Bull la Soc Prehist Fr 3:155–162

Martin H (1910) La Percussion osseuse et les esquilles qui en dérivent. Expérimentation Bull la Soc Prehist Fr 5:299–304

Martínez G (2009) Human chewing bone surface modification and processing of small and medium prey amongst the Nukak ( foragers of the Colombian Amazon ). J Taphon 7:2012–2017

Masset C, Costamagno S, Cochard D, Laroulandie V (2016) La fracturation osseuse : du fait technique à l’essai d’interprétation sociétale L’exemple de l’antilope saïga du gisement magadelenien de Saint-Germain -la-Rivière (Gironde). Bull la Société préhistorique française 113:691–712

Maté-González MÁ, González-Aguilera D, Linares-Matás G, Yravedra J (2019) New technologies applied to modelling taphonomic alterations. Quat Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.12.021

Metcalfe D, Jones KT (1988) A reconsideration of animal body-part utility indices. Am Antiq 53:486–504

Miller GJ (1975) Weathering cracks, fractures, splinters, and other similar natural phenomena. Lithic Technol Mak Using Stone Tools 79:211–226

Moclán A, Domínguez-Rodrigo M (2018) An experimental study of the patterned nature of anthropogenic bone breakage and its impact on bone surface modification frequencies. J Archaeol Sci 96:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2018.05.007

Morlan RE (1979) A tsatigraphic framework for Pleistocene artifacts from Old Crow River, northern Yukon Territory. In: Humphrey RL, Stanford D (eds) Pre-Lano cultures of the Americas: paradoxes and possibilities. The Anthro, Washington D.C., pp 125–145

Morlan RE (1980) Taphonomy and archaeology in the Upper Pleistocene of the northern Yukon territory: a glimpse of the peopling of the New World. Musée Natl l’Homme Collect Mercur Comm Archéologique du Canada Publ d’Archéologie Doss Ottawa 94:1–380

Morlan RE (1984) Toward the definition of criteria for the recognition of artificial bone alterations 1. Quat Res 22(2):160–171

Mourre V (2004) Le Debitage sur enclume au paleolithique moyen dan le sud-ouest de la France. In: Facchini F, Palma di Cesnola A, Piperno M, Peretto C (eds) BAR International Series. BAR International Series 1239, Liège, pp 29–39

Mullender MG, Huiskes H, Buma P (1996) Osteocyte density and histomorphometric parameters in cancellous bone of the proximal femur in five mammalian species. J Orthop Res 14:972–979

Myers TP, Voorhies MR, Corner RG (1980) Spiral fractures and bone pseudotools at paleontological sites. Am Antiq 45:483–490. https://doi.org/10.2307/279863

Njau JK (2012) Reading pliocene bones. Science (80- ) 335:46–47. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1216221

Njau JK, Gilbert H (2016) Standardizing terms for crocodile-induced bite marks on bone surfaces in light of the frequent bone modification equifinality found to result from crocodile feeding behavior, stone. FOROST Occas Publ 3:1–13

Noe-Nygaard N (1977) Butchering and marrow fracturing as a taphonomic factor in archaeological. Paleontol Soc 3:218–237

Noe-Nygaard N (1989) Man-made trace fossils on bones. Hum Evol 4:461–491

O’Connell JF, Marshall B (1989) Analysis of kangaroo body part transport among the Alyawara of Central Australia. J Archaeol Sci 16:393–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(89)90014-9

Oliver JS (1989) Analogues and site context: bone damages from shield trap cave (24CB91), carbon county, Montana, USA. In: Bonnichsen R (ed) Bone Modification. Center for. Orono, Maine, pp 73–89

Oliver JS (1993) Carcass processing by the Hadza: bone breakage from butchery to consumption. In: Hudson J (ed) From bones to behavior: ethnoarchaeological and experimental contributions to the interpretation of faunal remains. Occasional Paper No. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp 200–227

Outram AK (1999) A comparison of Paleo-Eskimo and medieval Norse bone fat exploitation in Western Greenland. Artic Anthropol 36:103–117

Outram AK (2001) A new approach to identifying bone marrow and grease exploitation: why the “indeterminate” fragments should not be ignored. J Archaeol Sci 28:401–410. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2000.0619

Outram AK (2002) Bone fracture and within-bone nutrients : an experimentally based method for investigating levels of marrow extraction. In: Miracle P, Milner N (eds) Consuming passions and patterns of consumption., McDonald I, Cambridge

Outram AK (2005) Distinguishing bone fat exploitation from other taphonomic processes: what caused the high level of bone fragmentation at the middle Neolithic site of Ajvide, Gotland? In: Mulville J, Outram AK (eds) The zooarchaeology of fats, oils, milk and dairying. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp 32–43

Parkinson JA (2018) Revisiting the hunting-versus-scavenging debate at FLK Zinj: a GIS spatial analysis of bone surface modifications produced by hominins and carnivores in the FLK 22 assemblage, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.06.044

Patou-Mathis M (1985) La fracturation des os longs de mammifères: élaboration d’un lexique et d’une fiche type. Artefacts 1:11–22

Pei W (1938) Le rôle des animaux et des causes naturelles dans la cassure des os. Geol Surv China 7:1–25

Pei WZ (1939) The Upper Cave Industry of Choukoutien, Peking Geological Survey of China, Beijing

Peretto C, Anconetani P, Crovetto C et al (1996) Approccio sperimentale alla comprensione delle attività di sussistenza condotte nel sito di Isernia La Pineta (Molise-Italia). La fratturazione intenzionale. In: Peretto C (ed) I reperti paleontologici del giacimento paleolitico di Isernia La Pineta. IRESMO, Co., Isernia, pp 187–452

Pickering TR, Egeland CP (2006) Experimental patterns of hammerstone percussion damage on bones: implications for inferences of carcass processing by humans. J Archaeol Sci 33:459–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.09.001

Pickering TR, Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Heaton JL et al (2013) Taphonomy of ungulate ribs and the consumption of meat and bone by 1.2-million-year-old hominins at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. J Archaeol Sci 40:1295–1309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.09.025

Poplin F (1973) Interprétation ethnologique des vestiges animaux. In: Cujas (ed) L’homme, recueil d’études en hommage à A. Leroi-Gourhan, Paris, pp 345–354

Poplin F (1978) Aperçu sur la grande faune pléistocène du gisement paléolithique de Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais). Bull l’Association française Pour l’Étude du Quat 15:60–65

Potts R, Shipman P (1981) Cutmarks made by stone tools on bones from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Nature 291:577–580

Ritchie RO, Buehler MJ, Hansma P (2009) Plasticity and toughness in bone. Phys Today 62:41–47. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3156332

Rovira Formento M (2010) Aproximación experimental a la explotación de huesos largos de grandes animales para la recuperación de la médula ósea y su aplicación arqueológica al registro faunístico del Nivel 3 colluvio de Isernia La Pineta (Molise , Italia). Arqueologia del Quaternari i Evolució Humana

Rovira Formento M, Caceres I (2013) Aproximación experimental a la explotación medular de huesos largos de grandes animales y su aplicación arqueológicas al Nivel 3″ colluvio de Isernia La Pineta (Molise, Italia). In: Palomo A, Piqué R, Terradas-Batlle X (eds) Experimentación en arqueología: estudio y difusión del pasado. Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya, Barcelona, pp 147–155

Saladié P, Huguet R, Díez C, Rodríguez-Hidalgo A, Cáceres I, Vallverdú J, Rosell J, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Carbonell E (2011) Carcass transport decisions in Homo antecessor subsistence strategies. J Hum Evol 61:425–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.05.012

Saladié P, Rodríguez-Hidalgo A, Díez C et al (2013) Range of bone modifications by human chewing. J Archaeol Sci 40:380–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.08.002

Selvaggio MM (1994) Carnivore tooth marks and stone tool butchery marks on scavenged bones: archaeological implications. J Hum Evol 27:215–228. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1994.1043

Shipman P (1981) Applications of scanning electron microscopy to taphonomic problems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 376:357–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb28179.x

Shoshani J, Lowenstein JM, Walz DA, Goodman M (1985) Paleontological society Proboscidean origins of mastodon and woolly mammoth demonstrated immunologically. Paleobiology 11:429–437

Speth JD (1989) Early hominid hunting and scavenging: the role of meat as an energy source. J Hum Evol 18:329–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(89)90035-3

Speth JD, Meignen L, Bar-Yosef O, Goldberg P (2012) Spatial organization of middle Paleolithic occupation X in Kebara cave (Israel): concentrations of animal bones. Quat Int 247:85–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.001

Stavrova T, Borel A, Daujeard C, Vettese D (2019) A GIS based approach to long bone breakage patterns derived from marrow extraction. PLoS One 14:e0216733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216733

Symes SA, L’Abbé EN, Stull KE et al (2014) Taphonomy and the timing of bone fractures in trauma analysis. In: Pokines JT, Symes SA (eds) . Manual of forensic taphonomy, Boca Raton, pp 341–365

Teleki G (1975) Primate subsistence patterns : collector- predators and gatherer-hunters. J Hum Evol:125–184

Thiébaut C, Claud É, Costamagno S et al (2009) Des traces et des hommes. Les Nouv l’Archéologie 118:49–55. https://doi.org/10.4000/nda.934

Thompson JC, Carvalho S, Marean CW, Alemseged Z (2019) Origins of the human predatory pattern: the transition to large-animal exploitation by early Hominins. Curr Anthropol 60:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1086/701477

Turner A (1983) Taphonomic reconstructions of human violence and cannibalism based on mass burials in the American Southwest. In: Carnivores, Human Scavengers & Predators: a question of bone technology. The Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, Calgary, pp 219–240

Vettese, D (2014) Le traitement des carcasses d’ongulés chez les Néanderthaliens de l’Abri du Maras (Ardèche, MIS4)/individualisme ou poids des traditions? Master thesis Erasmus Mundus: Quaternaire et Préhistoire. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle: Paris p. 106

Vettese D, Daujeard C, Blasco R et al (2017) Neandertal long bone breakage process: standardized or random patterns? The example of Abri du Maras (southeastern France, MIS 3). J Archaeol Sci Reports 13:151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.03.029

Villa P, Mahieu E (1991) Breakage pattern of human long bones. J Hum Evol 21:27–48

Villa P, Courtin J, Helmer D et al (1986) Un cas de cannibalisme au Néolithique. Gall Préhistoire 29:143–171. https://doi.org/10.3406/galip.1986.2243

Voormolen B (2008) Ancient Hunters. University of Leiden, Modern Butchers

Wang R, Gupta HS (2011) Deformation and fracture mechanisms of bone and nacre. Annu Rev Mater Res 41:41–73. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-062910-095806

Washburn SL (1957) Australopithecines : The Hunters or the Hunted ? Author ( s ): S . L . Washburn Source : American Anthropologist , New Series , Vol . 59 , No . 4 ( Aug ., 1957 ), pp . 612–614 Published by : Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Stab. Am Anthropol 59:612–614

Weigelt J (1927) Über Biostratonomie. Der Geol 42:1069–1076

Weiner S, Wagner HD (1998) THE MATERIAL BONE: structure-mechanical function relations. Annu Rev Mater Sci 28:271–298. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.28.1.271

White T (1992) Prehistoric cannibalism at Mancos 5MTUMR-2346. Princeton, Oxford

Wolberg DL (1970) The hypothesized osteodontokeratic culture of the australopithecinae: a look at the evidence and the opinions. Curr Anthropol 11:23. https://doi.org/10.1086/201087

Young RW (2003) Evolution of the human hand : the role of throwing and clubbing. J Anat 202:165–174

Yravedra J, Maté-González MÁ, Palomeque-González JF et al (2017) A new approach to raw material use in the exploitation of animal carcasses at BK (upper bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania): a micro-photogrammetric and geometric morphometric analysis of fossil cut marks. Boreas. https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12224

Yravedra J, Aramendi J, Maté-González MÁ et al (2018) Differentiating percussion pits and carnivore tooth pits using 3D reconstructions and geometric morphometrics. PLoS One 13:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194324