The relationship between land cover and the urban heat island in northeastern Puerto Rico
Tóm tắt
Throughout the tropics, population movements, urban growth, and industrialization are causing conditions that result in elevated temperatures within urban areas when compared with that in surrounding rural areas, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island (UHI). One such example is the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Our objective in this study was to quantify the UHI created by the San Juan Metropolitan Area over space and time using temperature data collected by mobile‐ and fixed‐station measurements. We also used the fixed‐station measurements to examine the relationship between average temperature at a given location and the density of remotely sensed vegetation located upwind. We then regressed temperatures against regional upwind land cover to predict future temperature with projected urbanization. Our data from the fixed stations show that the average nighttime UHI calculated between the urban reference and rural stations (Δ
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Akin WE, 1990, Global Patterns: Climate, Vegetation, and Soils, 370
Chandler TJ, 1965, The Climate of London
HeislerG WaltonJ GrimmondS PouyatR BeltK NowakD YesilonisI HomJ.2006.Land‐cover influences on air temperature in and near Baltimore MD.6th International Conference on Urban Climate Gothenburg Sweden 392–395. Also available athttp://www.gvc2.gu.se/icuc6//index.htm. [Access year 2006].
HeislerG WaltonJ YesilonisI NowakD PouyatR GrantR GrimmondS HydeK BaconG.American Meteorological Society.2007.Empirical modeling and mapping of below‐canopy air temperatures in Baltimore MD and vicinity.Seventh Urban Environment Symposium San Diego CA.http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/126981.pdf. [Access year 2007].
HulmeM VinerD.1995.A Climate Change Scenario for Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Tropical Rain Forests. A report for the World Wildlife Service by the Climatic Research Unit School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK.
IPCC, 2007, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis
Kumar S, 2001, Heat island intensities over Brihan Mumbai on a cold winter and hot summer night, Mausam, 52, 703, 10.54302/mausam.v52i4.1744
Landsberg HE, 1981, The Urban Climate
LandsbergHE BrushDA.1980.Some Observations of the Baltimore Md. Heat Island. Institute of Physical Science and Technology Technical Note University of Maryland.
van der Molen MK, 2002, Meteorological Impacts of Land Use Change in the Maritime Tropics, 262
National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)2008.Climate Normals—Puerto Rico. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Ashville North Carolina.http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim81/PRnorm.txt.
Odum HT, 1970, A Tropical Rain Forest: a study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico
Oke TR, 1976, The distinction between canopy and boundary layer urban heat islands, Atmosphere, 14, 268, 10.1080/00046973.1976.9648422
OkeTR.2006.Initial guidance to obtain representative meteorological observations at urban sites. WMO Instruments and Observing Methods Report No. 81 WMO/TD‐No. 1250.
Scatena FN, 1998, Climate change and the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico: assessing the impacts of various climate change scenarios, American Water Resources Association, 98, 193
StewartI OkeT.2009. Newly Developed “Thermal Climate Zones” for Defining and Measuring Urban Heat Island Magnitude in the Canopy Layer.Proceedings of the American Meteorological Annual Meeting Phoenix Arizona. 11–15 January. Available on‐line athttp://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/150476.pdf. [Access year 2009].
SummersPW.1964.An urban ventilation model applied to Montreal. Ph.D. Dissertation McGill University.
Summers PW, 1977, Proceedings of the Conference on Metropolitan Physical Environment, 273