The overlap between vascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease - lessons from pathology
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Steinhorn SC, Abbott RD, Markesberry W, Davis DG, Nelson J, Hardman J, Masaki KH, Vogt MR, Launer LJ, White LR: AD lesions and infarcts in demented and no-demented Japanese-American men. Ann Neurol. 2005, 57: 98-103.
Jellinger KA: The enigma of vascular cognitive disorder and vascular dementia. Acta Neuropathol. 2007, 113: 349-388.
Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Bang W, Bennett DA: Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons. Neurology. 2007, 69: 2197-2204.
Toledo JB, Arnold SE, Raible K, Brettschneider J, Xie SX, Grossman M, Monsell SE, Kukull WA, Trojanowski JQ: Contribution of cerebrovascular disease in autopsy confirmed neurodegenerative disease cases in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Centre. Brain. 2013, 136: 2697-2706.
Chui HC, Zarow C, Mack WJ, Ellis WG, Zheng L, Jagust WJ, Mungas D, Reed BR, Kramer JH, Decarli CC, Weiner MW, Vinters HV: Cognitive impact of subcortical vascular and Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Ann Neurol. 2006, 60: 677-687.
Giannakopoulos P, Gold G, Kovari E, von Gunten A, Imhof A, Bouras C, Hof PR: Assessing the cognitive impact of Alzheimer disease pathology and vascular burden in the aging brain: the Geneva experience. Acta Neuropathol. 2007, 113: 1-12.
Esiri MM, Joachim C, Sloan C, Christie S, Agacinski G, Bridges LR, Wilcock GK, Smith AD: Cerebral subcortical small vessel disease in subjects with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer disease: a clinicopathologic study in the Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA). Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2014, 28: 30-35.
Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP, Greiner PA, Markesbery WR: Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. Nun Study JAMA. 1997, 277: 813-817.
Schneider JA, Aggarwal NT, Barnes L, Boyle P, Bennett DA: The neuropathology of older persons with and without dementia from community versus clinic cohorts. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009, 18: 691-701.
Schneider JA, Wilson RS, Cochran EJ, Bienias JL, Arnold SE, Evans DA, Bennett DA: Relation of cerebral infarctions to dementia and cognitive function in older persons. Neurology. 2003, 60: 1082-1088.
Jellinger KA: Prevalence and impact of cerebrovascular lesions in Alzheimer and Lewy body diseases. Neurodegener Dis. 2010, 7: 112-115.
Esiri MM, Nagy Z, Smith MZ, Barnetson L, Smith AD: Cerebrovascular disease and threshold for dementia in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet. 1999, 354: 919-920.
Sonnen JA, Larson EB, Crane PK, Haneuse S, Li G, Schellenberg GD, Craft S, Leverenz JB, Montine TJ: Pathological correlates of dementia in a longitudinal, population-based sample of aging. Ann Neurol. 2007, 62: 406-413.
Troncoso JC, Zonderman AB, Resnick SM, Crain B, Pletnikova O, O’Brien RJ: Effect of infarcts on dementia in the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Ann Neurol. 2008, 64: 168-176.
Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE, Decarli C, Greenberg SM, Iadecola C, Launer LJ, Laurent S, Lopez OL, Nyenhuis D, Petersen RC, Schneider JA, Tzourio C, Arnett DK, Bennett DA, Chui HC, Higashida RT, Lindquist R, Nilsson PM, Roman GC, Sellke FW, Seshadri S: Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011, 42: 2672-2713.
Jellinger KA: Alzheimer disease and cerebrovascular pathology: an update. J Neural Transm. 2002, 109: 813-836.
Strozyk D, Dickson DW, Lipton RB, Katz M, Derby CA, Lee S, Wang C, Verghese J: Contribution of vascular pathology to the clinical expression of dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 2010, 31: 1710-1720.
Launer LJ, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Markesbery W, White LR: AD brain pathology: vascular origins? Results from the HAAS autopsy study. Neurobiol Aging. 2008, 29: 1587-1590.
Costanza A, Xekardaki A, Kovari E, Gold G, Bouras C, Giannakopoulos P: Microvascular burden and Alzheimer-type lesions across the age spectrum. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012, 32: 643-652.
Esiri MM, Chance SA: Cognitive reserve, cortical plasticity and resistance to Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2012, 4: 7.
Kalaria RN: The role of cerebral ischemia in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2000, 21: 321-330.
Zekry D, Duyckaerts C, Moulias R, Belmin J, Geoffre C, Herrmann F, Hauw JJ: Degenerative and vascular lesions of the brain have synergistic effects in dementia of the elderly. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2002, 103: 481-487.
Kalaria RN: Risk factors and neurodegenerative mechanisms in stroke related dementia. Panminerva Med. 2012, 54: 139-148.
Bennett DA, Wilson RS, Boyle PA, Buchman AS, Schneider JA: Relation of neuropathology to cognition in persons without cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol. 2012, 72: 599-609.
Lo RY, Jagust WJ: Vascular burden and Alzheimer disease pathologic progression. Neurology. 2012, 79: 1349-1355.
O’Brien TJ, Wadley V, Nicholas AP, Stover NP, Watts R, Griffith HR: The contribution of executive control on verbal-learning impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2009, 24: 237-244.
Snyder HM, Corriveau RA, Craft S, Faber JE, Greenberg S, Knopman D, Lamb BT, Montine TJ, Nedergaard M, Schaffer CB, Schneider JA, Wellington C, Wilcock DM, Zipfel GJ, Zlokovic B, Bain LS, Bosetti F, Galis ZS, Koroshetz W, Carrillo MC: Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia including Alzheimer’s disease.Alzheimers Dement 2015. In press..
Stephan BC, Matthews FE, Ma B, Muniz G, Hunter S, Davis D, McKeith IG, Foster G, Ince PG, Brayne C: Alzheimer and vascular neuropathological changes associated with different cognitive States in a non-demented sample. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012, 29: 309-318.
Casserly I, Topol E: Convergence of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease: inflammation, cholesterol, and misfolded proteins. Lancet. 2004, 363: 1139-1146.
Barnes DE, Yaffe K: The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer’s disease prevalence. Lancet Neurol. 2011, 10: 819-828.
Jellinger KA: Morphologic diagnosis of “vascular dementia” - a critical update. J Neurol Sci. 2008, 270: 1-12.
Meng X-F, Yu J-T, Wang H-F, Tan M-S, Wang C, Tan C-C, Tan L: Midlife vascular risk factors and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Alzheimers Dis 2014. in print: doi:10.3233/JAD-140954..
Elias MF, Sullivan LM, D’Agostino RB, Elias PK, Jacques PF, Selhub J, Seshadri S, Au R, Beiser A, Wolf PA: Homocysteine and cognitive performance in the Framingham offspring study: age is important. Am J Epidemiol. 2005, 162: 644-653.
Toledo JB, Toledo E, Weiner MW, Jack CR, Jagust W, Lee VM, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ: Cardiovascular risk factors, cortisol, and amyloid-beta deposition in Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Alzheimers Dement. 2012, 8: 483-489.
Polidori MC, Pientka L, Mecocci P: A review of the major vascular risk factors related to Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012, 32: 521-530.
Kling MA, Trojanowski JQ, Wolk DA, Lee VM, Arnold SE: Vascular disease and dementias: paradigm shifts to drive research in new directions. Alzheimers Dement. 2013, 9: 76-92.
Ahtiluoto S, Polvikoski T, Peltonen M, Solomon A, Tuomilehto J, Winblad B, Sulkava R, Kivipelto M: Diabetes, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia: a population-based neuropathologic study. Neurology. 2010, 75: 1195-1202.
Helzner EP, Luchsinger JA, Scarmeas N, Cosentino S, Brickman AM, Glymour MM, Stern Y: Contribution of vascular risk factors to the progression in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2009, 66: 343-348.
Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Laatikainen T, Winblad B, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J: Risk score for the prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: a longitudinal, population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2006, 5: 735-741.
Mielke MM, Rosenberg PB, Tschanz J, Cook L, Corcoran C, Hayden KM, Norton M, Rabins PV, Green RC, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Breitner JC, Munger R, Lyketsos CG: Vascular factors predict rate of progression in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2007, 69: 1850-1858.
Qiu C, Xu W, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L: Vascular risk profiles for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in very old people: a population-based longitudinal study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010, 20: 293-300.
Richardson K, Stephan BC, Ince PG, Brayne C, Matthews FE, Esiri MM: The neuropathology of vascular disease in the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012, 9: 687-696.
Eriksson UK, Bennet AM, Gatz M, Dickman PW, Pedersen NL: Nonstroke cardiovascular disease and risk of Alzheimer disease and dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2010, 24: 213-219.
Jellinger KA: Small concomitant cerebrovascular lesions are not important for cognitive decline in severe Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2001, 58: 520-521.
Mungas D, Jagust WJ, Reed BR, Kramer JH, Weiner MW, Schuff N, Norman D, Mack WJ, Willis L, Chui HC: MRI predictors of cognition in subcortical ischemic vascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 2001, 57: 2229-2235.
Jellinger KA, Attems J: Prevalence and pathology of vascular dementia in the oldest-old. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010, 21: 1283-1293.
Rincon F, Wright CB: Current pathophysiological concepts in cerebral small vessel disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014, 6: 24.
Goulding JM, Signorini DF, Chatterjee S, Nicoll JA, Stewart J, Morris R, Lammie GA: Inverse relation between Braak stage and cerebrovascular pathology in Alzheimer predominant dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999, 67: 654-657.
Arvanitakis Z, Leurgans SE, Barnes LL, Bennett DA, Schneider JA: Microinfarct pathology, dementia, and cognitive systems. Stroke. 2011, 42: 722-727.
Bennett DA, Wilson RS, Arvanitakis Z, Boyle PA, de Toledo-Morrell L, Schneider JA: Selected findings from the religious orders study and rush memory and aging project. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013, 33: S397-S403.
Crystal H, Dickson D: Cerebral infarcts in patients with autopsy proven Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2002, 23: 207.
Esiri MM, Wilcock GK, Morris JH: Neuropathological assessment of the lesions of significance in vascular dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997, 63: 749-753.
Lee JH, Olichney JM, Hansen LA, Hofstetter CR, Thal LJ: Small concomitant vascular lesions do not influence rates of cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2000, 57: 1474-1479.
Smallwood A, Oulhaj A, Joachim C, Christie S, Sloan C, Smith AD, Esiri M: Cerebral subcortical small vessel disease and its relation to cognition in elderly subjects: a pathological study in the Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA) cohort. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2012, 38: 337-343.
Kalaria RN: Advances in molecular genetics and pathology of cerebrovascular disorders. Trends Neurosci. 2001, 24: 392-400.
Zipser BD, Johanson CE, Gonzalez L, Berzin TM, Tavares R, Hulette CM, Vitek MP, Hovanesian V, Stopa EG: Microvascular injury and blood-brain barrier leakage in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2007, 28: 977-986.
Nagata K, Takano D, Yamazaki T, Maeda T, Satoh Y, Nakase T, Ikeda Y: Cerebrovascular lesions in elderly Japanese patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2012, 322: 87-91.
Launer LJ, Hughes TM, White LR: Microinfarcts, brain atrophy, and cognitive function: the Honolulu Asia Aging Study Autopsy Study. Ann Neurol. 2011, 70: 774-780.
Sinka L, Kovari E, Gold G, Hof PR, Herrmann FR, Bouras C, Giannakopoulos P: Small vascular and Alzheimer disease-related pathologic determinants of dementia in the oldest-old. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2010, 69: 1247-1255.
Utter S, Tamboli IY, Walter J, Upadhaya AR, Birkenmeier G, Pietrzik CU, Ghebremedhin E, Thal DR: Cerebral small vessel disease-induced apolipoprotein E leakage is associated with Alzheimer disease and the accumulation of amyloid beta-protein in perivascular astrocytes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008, 67: 842-856.
Garcia-Alloza M, Gregory J, Kuchibhotla KV, Fine S, Wei Y, Ayata C, Frosch MP, Greenberg SM, Bacskai BJ: Cerebrovascular lesions induce transient beta-amyloid deposition. Brain. 2011, 134: 3697-3707.
Lee CW, Shih YH, Kuo YM: Cerebrovascular pathology and amyloid plaque formation in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2013, 11: 4-10.
Hawkes CA, Sullivan PM, Hands S, Weller RO, Nicoll JA, Carare RO: Disruption of arterial perivascular drainage of amyloid-beta from the brains of mice expressing the human APOE epsilon4 allele. PLoS One. 2012, 7: e41636.
Hawkes CA, Carare RO, Weller RO: Amyloid and tau in the brain in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease: defining the chicken and the egg. Acta Neuropathol. 2014, 127: 617-618.
Lewis H, Beher D, Cookson N, Oakley A, Piggott M, Morris CM, Jaros E, Perry R, Ince P, Kenny RA, Ballard CG, Shearman MS, Kalaria RN: Quantification of Alzheimer pathology in ageing and dementia: age-related accumulation of amyloid-beta(42) peptide in vascular dementia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2006, 32: 103-118.
Hulette CM, Ervin JF, Edmonds Y, Antoine S, Stewart N, Szymanski MH, Hayden KM, Pieper CF, Burke JR, Welsh-Bohmer KA: Cerebrovascular smooth muscle actin is increased in nondemented subjects with frequent senile plaques at autopsy: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009, 68: 417-424.
de la Torre JC: Alzheimer disease as a vascular disorder: nosological evidence. Stroke. 2002, 33: 1152-1162.
Shi J, Perry G, Smith MA, Friedland RP: Vascular abnormalities: the insidious pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2000, 21: 357-361.
de la Torre JC, Stefano GB: Evidence that Alzheimer’s disease is a microvascular disorder: the role of constitutive nitric oxide. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000, 34: 119-136.
Kudo T, Imaizumi K, Tanimukai H, Katayama T, Sato N, Nakamura Y, Tanaka T, Kashiwagi Y, Jinno Y, Tohyama M, Takeda M: Are cerebrovascular factors involved in Alzheimer’s disease?. Neurobiol Aging. 2000, 21: 215-224.
Farkas E, Luiten PG: Cerebral microvascular pathology in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neurobiol. 2001, 64: 575-611.
Brown WR, Moody DM, Challa VR, Thore CR: Cerebrovascular pathology in Alzheimer disease. Research and Practice in Alzheimer’s Disease. Edited by: Vellas B, Fitten LJ, Winblad B, Feldman H, Grundman M, Giacobini E. 2001, Serdi Publications, Springer, Paris, New York, 76-81.
Miklossy J: Cerebral hypoperfusion induces cortical watershed microinfarcts which may further aggravate cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurol Res. 2003, 25: 605-610.
Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Bienias JL, Evans DA, Wilson RS: Mild cognitive impairment is related to Alzheimer disease pathology and cerebral infarctions. Neurology. 2005, 64: 834-841.
Gold G, Giannakopoulos P, Herrmann FR, Bouras C, Kovari E: Identification of Alzheimer and vascular lesion thresholds for mixed dementia. Brain. 2007, 130: 2830-2836.
Zekry D, Duyckaerts C, Belmin J, Geoffre C, Herrmann F, Moulias R, Hauw JJ: The vascular lesions in vascular and mixed dementia: the weight of functional neuroanatomy. Neurobiol Aging. 2003, 24: 213-219.
Nelson PT, Jicha GA, Schmitt FA, Liu H, Davis DG, Mendiondo MS, Abner EL, Markesbery WR: Clinicopathologic correlations in a large Alzheimer disease center autopsy cohort: neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles “do count” when staging disease severity. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2007, 66: 1136-1146.
Nelson PT, Pious NM, Jicha GA, Wilcock DM, Fardo DW, Estus S, Rebeck GW: APOE-epsilon2 and APOE-epsilon4 correlate with increased amyloid accumulation in cerebral vasculature. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2013, 72: 708-715.
Iadecola C: The overlap between neurodegenerative and vascular factors in the pathogenesis of dementia. Acta Neuropathol. 2010, 120: 287-296.
Heyman A, Fillenbaum G, Welsh-Bohmer K, Gearing M, Mirra SS, Mohs RC, Peterson BL, Pieper CF: Cerebral infarcts in patients with autopsy-proven Alzheimer’s disease, CERAD, Part XVIII. Neurology. 1998, 51: 159-162.
Riekse RG, Leverenz JB, McCormick W, Bowen JD, Teri L, Nochlin D, Simpson K, Eugenio C, Larson EB, Tsuang D: Effect of vascular lesions on cognition in Alzheimer’s disease: a community-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004, 52: 1442-1448.
Zlokovic BV: Neurovascular mechanisms of Alzheimer’s neurodegeneration. Trends Neurosci. 2005, 28: 202-208.
Zlokovic BV: Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011, 12: 723-738.
Du AT, Schuff N, Chao LL, Kornak J, Ezekiel F, Jagust WJ, Kramer JH, Reed BR, Miller BL, Norman D, Chui HC, Weiner MW: White matter lesions are associated with cortical atrophy more than entorhinal and hippocampal atrophy. Neurobiol Aging. 2005, 26: 553-559.
Grinberg LT, Thal DR: Vascular pathology in the aged human brain. Acta Neuropathol. 2010, 119: 277-290.
Attems J, Yamaguchi H, Saido TC, Thal DR: Capillary CAA and perivascular Abeta-deposition: two distinct features of Alzheimer’s disease pathology. J Neurol Sci. 2010, 299: 155-162.
Attems J, Jellinger K, Thal DR, Van Nostrand W: Review: sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2011, 37: 75-93.
Attems J, Jellinger KA, Lintner F: Alzheimer’s disease pathology influences severity and topographical distribution of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2005, 110: 222-231.
Greenberg SM, Vernooij MW, Cordonnier C, Viswanathan A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Warach S, Launer LJ, Van Buchem MA, Breteler MM: Cerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation. Lancet Neurol. 2009, 8: 165-174.
Pezzini A, Del Zotto E, Volonghi I, Giossi A, Costa P, Padovani A: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a common cause of cerebral hemorrhage. Curr Med Chem. 2009, 16: 2498-2513.
Jellinger KA, Lauda F, Attems J: Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy is not a frequent cause of spontaneous brain hemorrhage. Eur J Neurol. 2007, 14: 923-928.
Attems J, Lauda F, Jellinger KA: Unexpectedly low prevalence of intracerebral hemorrhages in sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy: an autopsy study. J Neurol. 2008, 255: 70-76.
Arima H, Tzourio C, Anderson C, Woodward M, Bousser MG, MacMahon S, Neal B, Chalmers J: Effects of perindopril-based lowering of blood pressure on intracerebral hemorrhage related to amyloid angiopathy: the PROGRESS trial. Stroke. 2010, 41: 394-396.
Gregoire SM, Charidimou A, Gadapa N, Dolan E, Antoun N, Peeters A, Vandermeeren Y, Laloux P, Baron JC, Jager HR, Werring DJ: Acute ischaemic brain lesions in intracerebral haemorrhage: multicentre cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain. 2011, 134: 2376-2386.
Chen YW, Gurol ME, Rosand J, Viswanathan A, Rakich SM, Groover TR, Greenberg SM, Smith EE: Progression of white matter lesions and hemorrhages in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 2006, 67: 83-87.
Okamoto Y, Ihara M, Fujita Y, Ito H, Takahashi R, Tomimoto H: Cortical microinfarcts in Alzheimer’s disease and subcortical vascular dementia. Neuroreport. 2009, 20: 990-996.
Soontornniyomkij V, Lynch MD, Mermash S, Pomakian J, Badkoobehi H, Clare R, Vinters HV: Cerebral microinfarcts associated with severe cerebral beta-amyloid angiopathy. Brain Pathol. 2010, 20: 459-467.
Kovari E, Herrmann FR, Hof PR, Bouras C: The relationship between cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cortical microinfarcts in brain ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2013, 39: 498-509.
Matthews FE, Jagger C, Miller LL, Brayne C: Education differences in life expectancy with cognitive impairment. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009, 64: 125-131.
Charidimou A, Peeters AP, Jager R, Fox Z, Vandermeeren Y, Laloux P, Baron JC, Werring DJ: Cortical superficial siderosis and intracerebral hemorrhage risk in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 2013, 81: 1666-1673.
Charidimou A, Jager RH, Fox Z, Peeters A, Vandermeeren Y, Laloux P, Baron JC, Werring DJ: Prevalence and mechanisms of cortical superficial siderosis in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 2013, 81: 626-632.
Charidimou A, Meegahage R, Fox Z, Peeters A, Vandermeeren Y, Laloux P, Baron JC, Jager HR, Werring DJ: Enlarged perivascular spaces as a marker of underlying arteriopathy in intracerebral haemorrhage: a multicentre MRI cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013, 84: 624-629.
Knudsen KA, Rosand J, Karluk D, Greenberg SM: Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria. Neurology. 2001, 56: 537-539.
Gurol ME, Greenberg SM: A physiologic biomarker for cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 2013, 81: 1650-1651.
Linn J, Halpin A, Demaerel P, Ruhland J, Giese AD, Dichgans M, van Buchem MA, Bruckmann H, Greenberg SM: Prevalence of superficial siderosis in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 2010, 74: 1346-1350.
Schrag M, McAuley G, Pomakian J, Jiffry A, Tung S, Mueller C, Vinters HV, Haacke EM, Holshouser B, Kido D, Kirsch WM: Correlation of hypointensities in susceptibility-weighted images to tissue histology in dementia patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a postmortem MRI study. Acta Neuropathol. 2010, 119: 291-302.
Viswanathan A, Greenberg SM: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the elderly. Ann Neurol. 2011, 70: 871-880.
Johnson KA, Gregas M, Becker JA, Kinnecom C, Salat DH, Moran EK, Smith EE, Rosand J, Rentz DM, Klunk WE, Mathis CA, Price JC, Dekosky ST, Fischman AJ, Greenberg SM: Imaging of amyloid burden and distribution in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ann Neurol. 2007, 62: 229-234.
Greenberg SM, Grabowski T, Gurol ME, Skehan ME, Nandigam RN, Becker JA, Garcia-Alloza M, Prada C, Frosch MP, Rosand J, Viswanathan A, Smith EE, Johnson KA: Detection of isolated cerebrovascular beta-amyloid with Pittsburgh compound B. Ann Neurol. 2008, 64: 587-591.
Renard D, Castelnovo G, Wacongne A, Le Floch A, Thouvenot E, Mas J, Gabelle A, Labauge P, Lehmann S: Interest of CSF biomarker analysis in possible cerebral amyloid angiopathy cases defined by the modified Boston criteria. J Neurol. 2012, 259: 2429-2433.
Verbeek MM, Kremer BP, Rikkert MO, Van Domburg PH, Skehan ME, Greenberg SM: Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta(40) is decreased in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ann Neurol. 2009, 66: 245-249.
de Jong D, Kremer BP, Olde Rikkert MG, Verbeek MM: Current state and future directions of neurochemical biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007, 45: 1421-1434.
Pantoni L: Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2010, 9: 689-701.
Thal DR, Ghebremedhin E, Orantes M, Wiestler OD: Vascular pathology in Alzheimer disease: correlation of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and arteriosclerosis/lipohyalinosis with cognitive decline. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2003, 62: 1287-1301.
Ortner M, Kurz A, Alexopoulos P, Auer F, Diehl-Schmid J, Drzezga A, Forster S, Forstl H, Perneczky R, Sorg C, Yousefi BH, Grimmer T: Small vessel disease, but neither amyloid load nor metabolic deficit, is dependent on age at onset in Alzheimer’s Disease.Biol Psychiatry 2014. In press..
Doubal FN, MacLullich AM, Ferguson KJ, Dennis MS, Wardlaw JM: Enlarged perivascular spaces on MRI are a feature of cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke. 2010, 41: 450-454.
Duering M, Csanadi E, Gesierich B, Jouvent E, Herve D, Seiler S, Belaroussi B, Ropele S, Schmidt R, Chabriat H, Dichgans M: Incident lacunes preferentially localize to the edge of white matter hyperintensities: insights into the pathophysiology of cerebral small vessel disease. Brain. 2013, 136: 2717-2726.
Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Haybaeck J, Loitfelder M, Weis S, Cavalieri M, Seiler S, Enzinger C, Ropele S, Erkinjuntti T, Pantoni L, Scheltens P, Fazekas F, Jellinger K: Heterogeneity in age-related white matter changes. Acta Neuropathol. 2011, 122: 171-185.
Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ, Cordonnier C, Fazekas F, Frayne R, Lindley RI, O’Brien JT, Barkhof F, Benavente OR, Black SE, Brayne C, Breteler M, Chabriat H, Decarli C, de Leeuw FE, Doubal F, Duering M, Fox NC, Greenberg S, Hachinski V, Kilimann I, Mok V, Oostenbrugge R, Pantoni L, Speck O, Stephan BC, Teipel S, Viswanathan A, Werring D, et al: Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. 2013, 12: 822-838.
Cordonnier C, van der Flier WM: Brain microbleeds and Alzheimer’s disease: innocent observation or key player?. Brain. 2011, 134: 335-344.
Park JH, Seo SW, Kim C, Kim GH, Noh HJ, Kim ST, Kwak KC, Yoon U, Lee JM, Lee JW, Shin JS, Kim CH, Noh Y, Cho H, Kim HJ, Yoon CW, Oh SJ, Kim JS, Choe YS, Lee KH, Lee JH, Ewers M, Weiner MW, Werring DJ, Na DL: Pathogenesis of cerebral microbleeds: In vivo imaging of amyloid and subcortical ischemic small vessel disease in 226 individuals with cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol. 2013, 73: 584-593.
Young VG, Halliday GM, Kril JJ: Neuropathologic correlates of white matter hyperintensities. Neurology. 2008, 71: 804-811.
Polvikoski TM, van Straaten EC, Barkhof F, Sulkava R, Aronen HJ, Niinisto L, Oinas M, Scheltens P, Erkinjuntti T, Kalaria RN: Frontal lobe white matter hyperintensities and neurofibrillary pathology in the oldest old. Neurology. 2010, 75: 2071-2078.
McAleese KE, Firbank M, Hunter D, Sun L, Hall R, Neal JW, Mann DM, Esiri M, Jellinger KA, O’Brien JT, Attems J: Magnetic resonance imaging of fixed post mortem brains reliably reflects subcortical vascular pathology of frontal, parietal and occipital white matter. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2013, 39: 485-497.
Piguet O, Double KL, Kril JJ, Harasty J, Macdonald V, McRitchie DA, Halliday GM: White matter loss in healthy ageing: a postmortem analysis. Neurobiol Aging. 2009, 30: 1288-1295.
Bell RD, Zlokovic BV: Neurovascular mechanisms and blood-brain barrier disorder in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2009, 118: 103-113.
Topakian R, Barrick TR, Howe FA, Markus HS: Blood-brain barrier permeability is increased in normal-appearing white matter in patients with lacunar stroke and leucoaraiosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010, 81: 192-197.
Wardlaw JM, Doubal F, Armitage P, Chappell F, Carpenter T, Munoz Maniega S, Farrall A, Sudlow C, Dennis M, Dhillon B: Lacunar stroke is associated with diffuse blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Ann Neurol. 2009, 65: 194-202.
Rosenberg GA: Neurological diseases in relation to the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012, 32: 1139-1151.
Viggars AP, Wharton SB, Simpson JE, Matthews FE, Brayne C, Savva GM, Garwood C, Drew D, Shaw PJ, Ince PG: Alterations in the blood brain barrier in ageing cerebral cortex in relationship to Alzheimer-type pathology: a study in the MRC-CFAS population neuropathology cohort. Neurosci Lett. 2011, 505: 25-30.
Vermeer SE, Longstreth WT, Koudstaal PJ: Silent brain infarcts: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 2007, 6: 611-619.
Thong JY, Hilal S, Wang Y, Soon HW, Dong Y, Collinson SL, Anh TT, Ikram MK, Wong TY, Venketasubramanian N, Chen C, Qiu A: Association of silent lacunar infarct with brain atrophy and cognitive impairment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013, 84: 1219-1225.
Thal DR, Griffin WS, de Vos RA, Ghebremedhin E: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and its relationship to Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2008, 115: 599-609.
Brundel M, de Bresser J, van Dillen JJ, Kappelle LJ, Biessels GJ: Cerebral microinfarcts: a systematic review of neuropathological studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012, 32: 425-436.
van Veluw SJ, Heringa SM, Kuijf HJ, Koek HL, Luijten PR, Biessels GJ: Cerebral cortical microinfarcts at 7 Tesla MRI in patients with early Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013, 39: 163-167.
Yarchoan M, Xie SX, Kling MA, Toledo JB, Wolk DA, Lee EB, Van Deerlin V, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Arnold SE: Cerebrovascular atherosclerosis correlates with Alzheimer pathology in neurodegenerative dementias. Brain. 2012, 135: 3749-3756.
Beach TG, Wilson JR, Sue LI, Newell A, Poston M, Cisneros R, Pandya Y, Esh C, Connor DJ, Sabbagh M, Walker DG, Roher AE: Circle of Willis atherosclerosis: association with Alzheimer’s disease, neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Acta Neuropathol. 2007, 113: 13-21.
Roher AE, Tyas SL, Maarouf CL, Daugs ID, Kokjohn TA, Emmerling MR, Garami Z, Belohlavek M, Sabbagh MN, Sue LI, Beach TG: Intracranial atherosclerosis as a contributing factor to Alzheimer’s disease dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2011, 7: 436-444.
Honig LS, Kukull W, Mayeux R: Atherosclerosis and AD: analysis of data from the US National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center. Neurology. 2005, 64: 494-500.
Luoto TM, Haikonen S, Haapasalo H, Goebeler S, Huhtala H, Erkinjuntti T, Karhunen PJ: Large vessel cerebral atherosclerosis is not in direct association with neuropathological lesions of Alzheimer’s disease. Eur Neurol. 2009, 62: 93-98.
Dolan H, Crain B, Troncoso J, Resnick SM, Zonderman AB, O’Brien RJ: Atherosclerosis, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease in the BLSA cohort. Ann Neurol. 2010, 68: 231-240.
Jellinger KA: Challenges in the neuropathological diagnosis of dementias. Int J Neuropathol. 2013, 1: 8-52.
Jellinger KA: Pathogenesis and treatment of vascular cognitive impairment.Neurodeg Dis Management 2014. In press..
Jellinger KA, Attems J: Neuropathological evaluation of mixed dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2007, 257: 80-87.
Kalaria RN, Ballard C: Overlap between pathology of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1999, 13: S115-S123.
Olichney JM, Ellis RJ, Katzman R, Sabbagh MN, Hansen L: Types of cerebrovascular lesions associated with severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997, 826: 493-497.
Jellinger KA, Attems J: Incidence of cerebrovascular lesions in Alzheimer’s disease: a postmortem study. Acta Neuropathol. 2003, 105: 14-17.
Knopman DS, Parisi JE, Boeve BF, Cha RH, Apaydin H, Salviati A, Edland SD, Rocca WA: Vascular dementia in a population-based autopsy study. Arch Neurol. 2003, 60: 569-575.
Fernando MS, Ince PG: Vascular pathologies and cognition in a population-based cohort of elderly people. J Neurol Sci. 2004, 226: 13-17.
Jellinger KA, Mitter-Ferstl E: The impact of cerebrovascular lesions in Alzheimer disease. A comparative autopsy study. J Neurol. 2003, 250: 1050-1055.
Brayne C, Richardson K, Matthews FE, Fleming J, Hunter S, Xuereb JH, Paykel E, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Huppert FA, O’Sullivan A, Dening T: Neuropathological correlates of dementia in over-80-year-old brain donors from the population-based Cambridge City over-75 s Cohort (CC75C) Study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009, 18: 645-658.
Serrano-Pozo A, Qian J, Monsell SE, Frosch MP, Betensky RA, Hyman BT: Examination of the clinicopathologic continuum of Alzheimer disease in the autopsy cohort of the national Alzheimer coordinating center. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2013, 72: 1182-1192.
Boyle PA, Wilson RS, Yu L, Barr AM, Honer WG, Schneider JA, Bennett DA: Much of late life cognitive decline is not due to common neurodegenerative pathologies. Ann Neurol. 2013, 74: 478-489.
Jellinger KA, Attems J: Prevalence and pathogenic role of cerebrovascular lesions in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2005, 229-230: 37-41.
Jellinger KA: Pathology and pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment - a critical update. Front Aging Neurosci. 2013, 5: 17.
Kovacs GG, Milenkovic I, Wohrer A, Hoftberger R, Gelpi E, Haberler C, Honigschnabl S, Reiner-Concin A, Heinzl H, Jungwirth S, Krampla W, Fischer P, Budka H: Non-Alzheimer neurodegenerative pathologies and their combinations are more frequent than commonly believed in the elderly brain: a community-based autopsy series. Acta Neuropathol. 2013, 126: 365-384.
Carotenuto A, Rea R, Colucci L, Ziello AR, Molino I, Carpi S, Traini E, Amenta F, Fasanaro AM: Late and early onset dementia: what is the role of vascular factors? A retrospective study. J Neurol Sci. 2012, 322: 170-175.
White L, Small BJ, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Masaki K, Abbott RD, Hardman J, Davis D, Nelson J, Markesbery W: Recent clinical-pathologic research on the causes of dementia in late life: update from the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2005, 18: 224-227.
White L: Brain lesions at autopsy in older Japanese-American men as related to cognitive impairment and dementia in the final years of life: a summary report from the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009, 18: 713-725.
Corrada MM, Berlau DJ, Kawas CH: A population-based clinicopathological study in the oldest-old: the 90+ study. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012, 9: 709-717.
Tsuang D, Simpson KL, Li G, Barnhart RL, Edland SD, Bowen J, McCormick W, Teri L, Nochlin D, Larson EB, Thompson ML, Leverenz JB: Evaluation of selection bias in an incident-based dementia autopsy case series. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005, 19: 67-73.
Knopman DS, Parisi JE, Salviati A, Floriach-Robert M, Boeve BF, Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, Dickson DW, Johnson KA, Petersen LE, McDonald WC, Braak H, Petersen RC: Neuropathology of cognitively normal elderly. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2003, 62: 1087-1095.
Davis DG, Schmitt FA, Wekstein DR, Markesbery WR: Alzheimer neuropathologic alterations in aged cognitively normal subjects. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1999, 58: 376-388.
Jentoft M, Parisi J, Dickson D, Johnson K, Boeve B, Knopman D, Petersen R: Neuropathologic findings in 32 nondemented elderly subjects (abs.). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2011, 70: 531.
Buchman AS, Leurgans SE, Nag S, Bennett DA, Schneider JA: Cerebrovascular disease pathology and Parkinsonian signs in old age. Stroke. 2011, 42: 3183-3189.
Jellinger KA, Attems J: Neuropathology and general autopsy findings in nondemented aged subjects. Clin Neuropathol. 2012, 31: 87-98.
Wirth M, Villeneuve S, Haase CM, Madison CM, Oh H, Landau SM, Rabinovici GD, Jagust WJ: Associations between Alzheimer disease biomarkers, neurodegeneration, and cognition in cognitively normal older people. JAMA Neurol. 2013, 70: 1512-1519.
Roman GC, Kalaria RN: Vascular determinants of cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 2006, 27: 1769-1785.
Garde E, Lykke Mortensen E, Rostrup E, Paulson OB: Decline in intelligence is associated with progression in white matter hyperintensity volume. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005, 76: 1289-1291.
Artero S, Tiemeier H, Prins ND, Sabatier R, Breteler MM, Ritchie K: Neuroanatomical localisation and clinical correlates of white matter lesions in the elderly. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004, 75: 1304-1308.
Ihara M, Polvikoski TM, Hall R, Slade JY, Perry RH, Oakley AE, Englund E, O’Brien JT, Ince PG, Kalaria RN: Quantification of myelin loss in frontal lobe white matter in vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Acta Neuropathol. 2010, 119: 579-589.
Tullberg M, Fletcher E, DeCarli C, Mungas D, Reed BR, Harvey DJ, Weiner MW, Chui HC, Jagust WJ: White matter lesions impair frontal lobe function regardless of their location. Neurology. 2004, 63: 246-253.
Malykhin N, Vahidy S, Michielse S, Coupland N, Camicioli R, Seres P, Carter R: Structural organization of the prefrontal white matter pathways in the adult and aging brain measured by diffusion tensor imaging. Brain Struct Funct. 2011, 216: 417-431.
Reed BR, Eberling JL, Mungas D, Weiner M, Kramer JH, Jagust WJ: Effects of white matter lesions and lacunes on cortical function. Arch Neurol. 2004, 61: 1545-1550.
Wen HM, Mok VC, Fan YH, Lam WW, Tang WK, Wong A, Huang RX, Wong KS: Effect of white matter changes on cognitive impairment in patients with lacunar infarcts. Stroke. 2004, 35: 1826-1830.
Pievani M, de Haan W, Wu T, Seeley WW, Frisoni GB: Functional network disruption in the degenerative dementias. Lancet Neurol. 2011, 10: 829-843.
De Vogelaere F, Santens P, Achten E, Boon P, Vingerhoets G: Altered default-mode network activation in mild cognitive impairment compared with healthy aging. Neuroradiology. 2012, 54: 1195-1206.
van der Flier WM, van Straaten EC, Barkhof F, Verdelho A, Madureira S, Pantoni L, Inzitari D, Erkinjuntti T, Crisby M, Waldemar G, Schmidt R, Fazekas F, Scheltens P: Small vessel disease and general cognitive function in nondisabled elderly: the LADIS study. Stroke. 2005, 36: 2116-2120.
van der Flier WM, van Straaten EC, Barkhof F, Ferro JM, Pantoni L, Basile AM, Inzitari D, Erkinjuntti T, Wahlund LO, Rostrup E, Schmidt R, Fazekas F, Scheltens P: Medial temporal lobe atrophy and white matter hyperintensities are associated with mild cognitive deficits in non-disabled elderly people: the LADIS study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005, 76: 1497-1500.
Capizzano AA, Acion L, Bekinschtein T, Furman M, Gomila H, Martinez A, Mizrahi R, Starkstein SE: White matter hyperintensities are significantly associated with cortical atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004, 75: 822-827.
Schmidt R, Ropele S, Ferro J, Madureira S, Verdelho A, Petrovic K, Gouw A, van der Flier WM, Enzinger C, Pantoni L, Inzitari D, Erkinjuntti T, Scheltens P, Wahlund LO, Waldemar G, Rostrup E, Wallin A, Barkhof F, Fazekas F: Diffusion-weighted imaging and cognition in the leukoariosis and disability in the elderly study. Stroke. 2010, 41: e402-e408.
Kövari E, Gold G, Herrmann FR, Canuto A, Hof PR, Michel JP, Bouras C, Giannakopoulos P: Cortical microinfarcts and demyelination significantly affect cognition in brain aging. Stroke. 2004, 35: 410-414.
Kalaria RN, Kenny RA, Ballard CG, Perry R, Ince P, Polvikoski T: Towards defining the neuropathological substrates of vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2004, 226: 75-80.
Burhan AM, Bartha R, Bocti C, Borrie M, Laforce R, Rosa-Neto P, Soucy JP: Role of emerging neuroimaging modalities in patients with cognitive impairment: a review from the Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia 2012. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2013, 5: S4.
Kantarci K: Molecular imaging of Alzheimer disease pathology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014, 35: S12-S17.
Landau SM, Thomas BA, Thurfjell L, Schmidt M, Margolin R, Mintun M, Pontecorvo M, Baker SL, Jagust WJ: Amyloid PET imaging in Alzheimer’s disease: a comparison of three radiotracers. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014, 41: 1398-1407.
Villemagne VL, Furumoto S, Fodero-Tavoletti MT, Mulligan RS, Hodges J, Harada R, Yates P, Piguet O, Pejoska S, Dore V, Yanai K, Masters CL, Kudo Y, Rowe CC, Okamura N: In vivo evaluation of a novel tau imaging tracer for Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014, 41: 816-826.
Jack CR, Barrio JR, Kepe V: Cerebral amyloid PET imaging in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2013, 126: 643-657.
Kepe V, Moghbel MC, Langstrom B, Zaidi H, Vinters HV, Huang SC, Satyamurthy N, Doudet D, Mishani E, Cohen RM, Hoilund-Carlsen PF, Alavi A, Barrio JR: Amyloid-beta positron emission tomography imaging probes: a critical review. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013, 36: 613-631.
Mathis CA, Kuller LH, Klunk WE, Snitz BE, Price JC, Weissfeld LA, Rosario BL, Lopresti BJ, Saxton JA, Aizenstein HJ, McDade EM, Kamboh MI, DeKosky ST, Lopez OL: In vivo assessment of amyloid-beta deposition in nondemented very elderly subjects. Ann Neurol. 2013, 73: 751-761.
Roh JH, Lee JH: Recent updates on subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. J Stroke. 2014, 16: 18-26.