The microscopy of P-protein filaments in freeze-etched sieve pores

Planta - Tập 143 - Trang 191-205 - 1978
Richard P. C. Johnson1
1Department of Botany, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K.

Tóm tắt

Intact vascular bundles from Nymphoides peltata (S.G. Gmel.) O. Kuntze, shown to have translocated carbon-14, were freeze-fractured and etched for electron microscopy. The interpretation of freezefractured and etched sieve pores and P-protein filaments seen in them is discussed. The entire widths of most of the sieve pores seen contained filaments separated by less than 100 nm. Their arrangement indicates too high a resistance to flow for pressure flow alone to drive translocation at known rates; pumps would be necessary at places along sieve tubes. However, calculations are presented to show that during the time taken to fix pores, by fast freezing or chemically, the filaments in them could rearrange and move further by Brownian and other motion than the distances between filaments which we need to measure. These calculations show that it is not possible, by microscopy alone, to answer the outstanding question “How are filaments arranged in translocating sieve pores?” with enough certainty to tell us whether pressure flow is adequate to explain translocation where filaments are present. The calculations are relevant also to microscopy of other cell structures which may move.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Bald, W.B.: A proposed method for specifying the temperature history of cells during the rapid cool-down of plant specimens. J. exp. Bot. 26, 103–119 (1975)

Bald, W.B.: A multi-purpose cryostat for freezing biological materials. Cryogenics 18, 3–10 (1978)

Barclay, G.F.: Light microscopy and cinémicrography of living sieve elements, mostly in Heracleum mantegazzianum L. Ph.D. thesis, Aberdeen University, U.K. (1978)

Barclay, G.F., Oparka, K.J., Johnson, R.P.C.: Induced disruption of sieve element plastids in Heracleum mantegazzianum L. J. exp. Bot. 28, 709–717 (1977)

Behnke, H.-D.: The contents of sieve-plate pores in Aristolochia. J. ultrastruct. Res. 36, 493–498 (1971)

Benedetti, E.L., Favard, P. eds.: Freeze-etching; techniques and applications Paris: Société Française de Microscopie Électronique 1973

Berne, B.J., Pecora, R.: Dynamic light scattering New York, London, Sydney, Toronto: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1976

Böhler, S.: Artefacts and specimen preparation faults in freeze etch technology. Balzers Aktiengesellschaft für Hochvakuumtechnik und dünne Schichten. DN 6573, 1975

Branton, D., et al.: Freeze-etching nomenclature. Science 190, 54–65 (1975)

Bullivant, S.: Evaluation of membrane structure; facts and artefacts produced during freeze-fracturing. J. Microsc. 111, 101–116 (1977)

Costello, M.J., Corless, J.M.: The direct measurement of temperature changes within freeze-fracture specimens during rapid quenching in liquid coolants. J. Microsc. 112 17–37 (1978)

Crafts, A.S., Crisp, C.E.: Phloem transport in plants. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co. 1971

Dempsey, G.P., Bullivant, S., Bieleski, R.L.: The distribution of P-protein in mature sieve elements of celery. Planta 126, 45–59 (1975)

Esau, K.: The Phloem. Encyclopedia of plant anatomy. Vol. V. pt. 2, Berlin, Stuttgart: Gebruder Borntraeger 1969

Esau, K., Cronshaw, J.: Tubular components in cells of healthy and tobacco mosaic virus-infected Nicotiana. Virology 33, 25–35 (1967)

Evert, R.F., Eschrich, W., Eichhorn, S.E.: P-protein distribution in mature sieve elements of Cucurbita maxima. Planta 109, 193–210 (1973)

Fisher, D.B.: Structure of functional soybean sieve elements. Pl. Physiol. Lancaster 56, 555–569 (1975)

Freundlich, A.: No polysaccharide demonstrated in filamentous structures in sieve elements by Thiery's periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method for electron microscopy. Planta 118, 85–87 (1974)

Giaquinta, R.T. Geiger, D.B.: Mechanism of inhibition of translocation by localised chilling. Pl. Physiol., Lancaster 51, 372–377 (1973)

Hayat, M.A.: Principles and techniques of electron microscopy. Biological applications. Vol. 1. New York, Cincinnati, Toronto-London, Melbourne: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1970

Heilbrunn, L.V.: The viscosity of protoplasm. Protoplasmatologia, II, C 1. Wien: Springer 1958

Hereward, F.V., Northcote, D.H.: A simple freeze-substitution method for the study of ultrastructure of plant tissues. Experimental Cell Research 70, 73–80 (1972)

Heuser, J.E., Leese, T.S., Landis, D.M.D.: Preservation of synaptic structure by rapid freezing. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology XL, 17–24 (1976)

Hodgman, C.D.: ed.; Handbook of chemistry and phisics. 30th Ed. Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. 1948

Johnson, R.P.C.: The structure of the sieve tube in relation to its function. Ph.D. thesis, Aberdeen University U.K. (1967)

Johnson, R.P.C.: Microfilaments in pores between frozen-etched sieve elements. Planta 81, 314–332 (1968)

Johnson, R.P.C.: Filaments but no transcellular strands in sieve pores in freeze-etched, translocating phloem. Nature 244, 464–466 (1973)

Johnson, R.P.C.: In: Phloem Transport, pp 63–68, Aronoff, S., Dainty, J., Gorham, P.R., Srivastava, L.M., Swanson, C.A. (eds.) NATO Advanced Study Institute Series New York London: Plenum Press 1975

Johnson, R.P.C.: Can cell walls bending round xylem vessels control water flow? Planta 136, 187–194 (1977)

Johnson, R.P.C., Freundlich, A., Barclay, G.F.: Transcellular strands in sieve tubes; what are they? J. exp. Bot. 27, 1117–1136 (1976)

Lang, A.: The effect of petiolar temperature upon the translocation rate of 137Cs in the phloem of Nymphoides peltata. J. exp. Bot. 25, 71–80 (1974)

Lawton, D.M.: Microscopy of fibrils, filaments and allied structures in sieve tubes. Ph. D. thesis, Aberdeen University, U.K., (1974)

Lawton, D.M., Johnson, R.P.C.: A superhelical model for the ultrastructure of ‘P-protein tubules’ in sieve elements of Nymphoides phoides peltata. Cytobiologie 14, 1–17 (1976)

Lee, D.R., Costerton, J.W., Fensom, D.S.: Ciné film of living sieve tubes in phloem of Heracleum. National Science Film Library 1792 Carling Avenue, Ottawa Canada 1970

Lee, D.R., Arnold, D.C., Fensom, D.S.: Some microscopical observations of functioning sieve tubes of Heracleum using Nomarski optics. J. exp. Bot. 22, 25–38 (1971)

MacRobbie, E.A.C.: Phloem translocation. Facts and mechanisms: a comparative survey. Biol Rev. Cambridge Phil. Soc., 46, 429–481 (1971)

Magee, B.: Popper London: Fontana/Collins 1973

Mysels, K.J.: Introduction to colloid chemistry, New York-London: Interscience Publishers Inc. 1959

Newman, F.H., Searle, V.H.: The general properties of matter. 5th Ed. London; Edward Arnold (Publ.) Ltd. 1957

Norrish, R.S.: Selected tables of physical properties of sugar solutions. Scientific and technical surveys No. 51. The British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association, Leatherhead 1967

Palevitz, B.A., Hepier, P.K.: Is P-protein actin-like? — Not yet. Planta 125, 261–271 (1975)

Parthasarathy, M.V.: Ultrastructure of phloem in palms III. Mature phloem. Protoplasma 79, 265–315 (1974)

Parthasarathy, M.V.: I. Sieve-element structure. In: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. New Series. Vol. I, pp. 3–38, Zimmermann, M.H., Milburn, J.A., (eds.) Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1975

Popper, K.R.: The ligic of scientific discovery. Sixth impression (revised) London: Hutchinson 1972

Qureshi, F.A., Spanner, D.C.: The effect of inhibitors on callose formation in the sieve tubes of Saxifraga sarmentosa L. Ann. Bot. 37, 867–869 (1973)

Riehle, U., Hoechli, M.: The theory and technique of high pressure freezing. In: Freeze-etching; techniques and applications, pp. 31–61. Benedetti, E.L., Favard, P. (eds.) Paris: Societé Française de Microscopie Électronique 1973

Sabnis, D.D., Hart, J.W.: Studies on the possible occurrence of Actomyosin-Like proteins in phloem. Planta 118, 271–281 (1974)

Sabnis, D.D., Hart, J.W.: A comparative analysis of phloem exudate proteins from Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus and Cucurbita maxima by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Planta 130, 211–218 (1976)

Siddiqui, A.W., Jones, R.L., Spanner, D.C.: translocation in the stolon of Saxifraga sarmentosa L. The ultrastructural back-ground. Ann. Bot. 38, 145–149 (1974)

Sleytr, U.B., Robards, A.W.: Plastic deformation during freezecleaving: a review. J. Microsc. 110, 1–25 (1977)

Spanner, D.C.: The Münch hypothesis, freeze-substitution and the structure of sieve-plate pores. Ann. Bot. 42, 485–488 (1978a)

Spanner, D.C.: Sieve-plate pores, open or occluded? A critical review. Plant, Cell and Environment 1, 7–20 (1978b)

Stephenson, J.L.: Fundamental physical problems in the freezing and drying of biological materials. In: Recent Research in Freezing and Drying, pp. 121–145, Parkes, A.S., Smith, A.U. (eds.) Oxford: Blackwell 1960

Walding, H.F., Weatherley, P.E.: The effect of cooling on translocation in Salix viminalis. J. exp. Bot. 23, 338–345 (1972)

Weatherley, P.: Translocation in sieve tubes. Some thoughts on structure and mechanism. Physiol. Vég. 10, 731–742 (1972)

Weatherley, P.E., Johnson, R.P.C.: The form and function of the sieve tube: a problem in reconcilation. Int. Rev. Cytol. 24, 149–192 (1968)

Whittaker, Sir Edmund: From Euclid to Eddington. A study of cenceptions of the external world. Cambridge: University Press 1949

Wooding, F.B.P.: Development and fine structure of angiosperm and gymnosperm sieve tubes. In: Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, No. XXVIII, Transport at the Cellular Level, pp. 27–41. Cambridge: University Press 1974

Wooding, F.B.P.: Phloem. Carolina Biology Readers, No. 15, Head, J.J. (ed.). Second edition (revised) Carolina Biological Supply Company Burlington, N. Carolina 1978

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Planta

Tập 143

191-205

Thông tin tác giả