The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 368 Số 1621 - Trang 20130164 - 2013
D. Fowler1, Mhairi Coyle1, U. Skiba1, Mark A. Sutton1, J.N. Cape1, Stefan Reis1, Lucy J. Sheppard1, Alan Jenkins1, Bruna Grizzetti2, James N. Galloway3, Peter M. Vitousek4, Allison M. Leach3, A. F. Bouwman5, Klaus Butterbach‐Bahl6, Frank Dentener7, D. S. Stevenson8, Marcus Amann9, Maren Voß10
1NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
2CNRS, University Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France
3Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
4Department of Biogeochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
5PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
6Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
7European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
8School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
9International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
10Leibniz Institute of Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany

Tóm tắt

Global nitrogen fixation contributes 413 Tg of reactive nitrogen (Nr) to terrestrial and marine ecosystems annually of which anthropogenic activities are responsible for half, 210 Tg N. The majority of the transformations of anthropogenic Nrare on land (240 Tg N yr−1) within soils and vegetation where reduced Nrcontributes most of the input through the use of fertilizer nitrogen in agriculture. Leakages from the use of fertilizer Nrcontribute to nitrate (NO3−) in drainage waters from agricultural land and emissions of trace Nrcompounds to the atmosphere. Emissions, mainly of ammonia (NH3) from land together with combustion related emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), contribute 100 Tg N yr−1to the atmosphere, which are transported between countries and processed within the atmosphere, generating secondary pollutants, including ozone and other photochemical oxidants and aerosols, especially ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4. Leaching and riverine transport of NO3contribute 40–70 Tg N yr−1to coastal waters and the open ocean, which together with the 30 Tg input to oceans from atmospheric deposition combine with marine biological nitrogen fixation (140 Tg N yr−1) to double the ocean processing of Nr. Some of the marine Nris buried in sediments, the remainder being denitrified back to the atmosphere as N2or N2O. The marine processing is of a similar magnitude to that in terrestrial soils and vegetation, but has a larger fraction of natural origin. The lifetime of Nrin the atmosphere, with the exception of N2O, is only a few weeks, while in terrestrial ecosystems, with the exception of peatlands (where it can be 102–103years), the lifetime is a few decades. In the ocean, the lifetime of Nris less well known but seems to be longer than in terrestrial ecosystems and may represent an important long-term source of N2O that will respond very slowly to control measures on the sources of Nrfrom which it is produced.

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Tập 368 Số 1621

20130164

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