The food security continuum: a novel tool for understanding food insecurity as a range of experiences
Tóm tắt
The current lack of consensus on the relationships between hunger, malnutrition and food insecurity frustrates efforts to design good policies and programs to deal with the many problems. Disputes over terminology distract from the need for urgent action. This paper argues that our understanding of food insecurity is incremental: it develops as new research in a variety of food-deprived and nutrition-deprived contexts reveals causes, experiences and consequences and how they are interlinked. If we are to improve beneficiary selection, program targeting and intervention impact assessment, it is vital to coordinate our new understandings. The paper brings convergence to our understanding of food insecurity by introducing a new framework that visualizes levels of food insecurity, and the concomitant consequences and responses, as a continuum. Some potential benefits of using the continuum as a diagnostic tool are increased focus on less extreme but nevertheless urgent manifestations of food insecurity, more accurate targeting of interventions and better follow-up, and improved accountability for donor spending.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alderman, H. (2009). The economic cost of a poor start to life. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 1(1), 19–25.
Alinovi, L., Mane, E., & Romano, D. (2010). Measuring household resilience to food insecurity: An application to Palestinian households. In R. Benedetti, M. Bee, G. Espa, & F. Piersimoni (Eds.), Agricultural survey methods. Chichester: Wiley.
Barrett, C. B. (2010). Measuring food insecurity. Science, 327, 825. doi:10.1126/science.1182768.
Barrett, C. B., & Headey, D. (2014). Measuring resilience in a risky world: Why, where, how and who? 2020 Conference Brief 1: Building Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security. Washington, DC: IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute).
Bhattacharya, J., Currie, J., & Haider, S. (2004). Poverty, food insecurity, and nutritional outcomes in children and adults. Journal of Health Economics, 23, 839–862.
Browne, M., Ortmann, G. F., & Hendriks, S. L. (2014). Developing a resilience indicator for food security monitoring and evaluation. Agrekon, 53(2), 25–46.
Caballero, B. (2005). A nutrition paradox: underweight and obesity in developing countries. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(15), 1515–1516.
Campbell, C. C. (1991). Food security: a nutritional outcome of a predictor variable? Journal of Nutrition, 121, 408–415.
Candel, J. L. (2014). Food security governance: a systemic literature review. Food Security, 6, 585–601.
Carlson, S. J., Andrews, M. S., & Bickel, G. W. (1999). Measuring food insecurity and hunger in the United States: development of a national benchmark measure and prevalence estimates. Journal of Nutrition, 1129, 2. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000101.
CFS (Committee on World Food Security). (2012). Report of the 39th session of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), Rome, 15–20 October 2012. Rome: CFS.
Coates, J. (2013). Build it back better: deconstructing food security for improved measurement and action. Global Food Security, 2, 188–194.
De Waal, A., & Whiteside, A. (2003). New variant famine: AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa. Lancet, 362(9391), 1234–7.
Devereux, S. (2009). Why does famine persist in Africa? Food Security, 1, 25–35.
Dietz, W. H. (1995). Does hunger cause obesity? Pediatrics, 95, 766.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). (1996). World food summit: Rome declaration on world food security. Rome: FAO.
Frongillo, E. A. (2013). Confronting myths about household food insecurity and excess weight. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 29(2), 229–230.
Gross, R., & Webb, P. (2006). Wasting time for wasted children: severe child under-nutrition must be resolved in non-emergency settings. The Lancet, 367(9517), 1209–1211. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68509-7.
Headey, D., & Ecker, O. (2013). Rethinking the measurement of food security: from first principles to best practice. Food Security, 5, 327–343.
Hendriks, S. L. (2005). The challenges facing empirical estimation of food (in) security in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 22(1), 103–123.
Hendriks, S. L. (2013). Will renewed attention and investment in African agriculture ensure sound nutrition? European Journal of Development Research, 25, 36–43.
Hendriks, S. L., & Drimie, S. (2011). Chapter 7, global food crisis and African response: Lessons for emergency response planning. In D. S. Miller & J. S. Rivera (Eds.), Comparative emergency management: Examining global and regional responses to disasters (pp. 153–173). Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis.
Howe, P., & Devereux, S. (2004). Famine intensity and magnitude scales: a proposal for an instrumental definition of famine. Disasters, 28(4), 353–373.
Lang, T., & Barling, D. (2012). Food security and food sustainability: reformulating the debate. Geographical Journal, 178(4), 313–326.
Løvendal, C. R., & Knowles, M. (2005). Tomorrow’s hunger: A framework for analyzing vulnerability to food insecurity. Agriculture and Development Economics Division ESA working paper, 05–07. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Masset, E. (2011). A review of hunger indexes and methods to monitor country commitment to fighting hunger. Food Policy, 36, S102–S108.
Maxwell, D. G. (1996). Measuring food insecurity: the frequency and severity of “coping strategies”. Food Policy, 21(3), 291–303.
Maxwell, D., Ahiadeke, C., Levin, C., Armar-Klemesu, M., Zakariah, S., & Lamptey, G. M. (1999). Alternative food-security indicators: revisiting the frequency and severity of “coping strategies”. Food Policy, 24, 411–429.
McMillan, T. (2014). The new face of hunger: Why are people malnourished in the richest country on Earth? National Geographic, August 2014. www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/hunger/. Accessed 28 August 2014.
Pangaribowo, E. H, Gerber, N., & Torero, M. (2013). Food and nutrition security indicators: A review. Working paper no. 108. Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung (ZEF) Working Paper Series, Department of Political and Cultural Change, Center for Development Research, University of Bonn.
Pincock, S. (2011). Boyd Swinburn: combating obesity at the community level. Lancet, 378(9793), 761. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61364-0.
Pinstrup-Andersen, P. (2009). Food security: definition and measurement. Food Security, 1, 5–7.
Popkin, B. M., Adair, L. S., & Ng, S. W. (2012). Now and then: The global nutrition transition: the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutrition Review, 70(1), 3–21. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x.
Radimer, K. L., Olson, C. M., & Campbell, C. C. (1990). Development of indicators to assess hunger. Journal of Nutrition, 120, 1544–1548.
Renzaho, A. M. N., & Mellor, D. (2010). Food security measurement in cultural pluralism: missing the point or conceptual misunderstanding? Nutrition, 26, 1–9.
Riches, G. (1998). First world hunger: Food security and welfare politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rose, D., Basiotis, P. P., & Klein, B. W. (1995). Improving federal efforts to assess hunger and food insecurity. Food Review, 18, 18.
Rugalema, G. (2007). Coping or struggling? a journey into the impact of HIV/AIDS in southern Africa. Review of African Political Economy, 27(86), 537–545. doi:10.1080/03056240008704488.
Sarlio-Lähteenkorva, S., & Lahelma, E. (2001). Food insecurity is associated with past and present economic disadvantage and body mass index. Journal of Nutrition, 1(131), 2880–2884.
Sen, A. (1981). Poverty and famines: An essay on entitlement and deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon.
Stevens, G. A., Singh, G. M., Lu, Y., Danaei, G., Lin, J. K., Finucane, M. M., Bahalim, A. N., McIntire, R. K., Gutierrez, H. R., Cowan, M., Paciorek, C. J., Farzadfar, F., Riley, L., Ezzati, M., & the Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group (Body Mass Index). (2012). National, regional, and global trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalence. Population Health Metrics, 10, 22. doi:10.1186/1478-7954-10-22.
Te Lintelo, D. J. H., Haddad, L. J., Lakshman, R., & Gatellier, K. (2014). The Hunger and Nutrition Commitment Index (HANCI 2013): Measuring the political commitment to reduce hunger and under nutrition in developing countries. Brighton: Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex.
Townsend, M. S., Peerson, J., Love, B., Achterberg, C., & Murphy, S. P. (2001). Food insecurity is positively related to overweight in women. Journal of Nutrition, 131(6), 1738–1745.
UNICEF, WHO & World Bank (United Nations’ Children’s Fund, World Health Organization & World Bank). (2013). Joint UNICEF—WHO – The World Bank Child Malnutrition Database: Estimates for 2012 and launch of interactive data dashboards. www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_2012_summary_note_v2.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 11 September 2014.
UNSCN (United Nations Standing Committee on Nutrition). (2012). Coming to terms with terminology: Food security, nutrition security, food security and nutrition, food and nutrition security. Rome: CFS (Committee on World Food Security). www.fao.org/fsnforum/sites/default/files/file/Terminology/MD776(CFS___Coming_to_terms_with_Terminology).pdf. Accessed 26 August 2014.
Vaitla, B., Devereux, S., & Swan, S. H. (2009). Seasonal hunger: a neglected problem with proven solutions. PLoS Medicine, 6(6), e1000101.
Webb, P., Coates, J., Frongillo, E. A., Lorge Rogers, B., Swindale, A., & Bilinsky, P. (2006). Measuring household food insecurity: why it’s so important and yet so difficult to do. Journal of Nutrition, 136, 1404S–1408S.
WHO (World Health Organization). (2010). Nutrition landscape information system: Country profile indicators. Interpretation guide. Geneva: WHO.
Wunderlich, G. S., & Norwood, J. L. (2006). Food insecurity and hunger in the United States: An assessment of the measure. Washington, DC: Panel to Review the US Department of Agriculture’s Measurement of Food Insecurity and Hunger, Committee on National Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council of the National Academies of Science. National Academies Press.