The etiology of maternal mortality in developed countries: a systematic review of literature
Tóm tắt
To review the literature about MD in developed countries. A search in PubMed, EMBASE, Medline and reference lists was performed. Key words: maternal death/mortality, pregnancy death and obstetric/maternity care. Articles were selected if they reported the cause of death per livebirths, were performed in developed countries and unselected population, classified MD by the World Health Organization. Maternal age, cause of MD, time of MD (antepartum, intrapartum, postpartum) and delivery mode were abstracted. MD was expressed as maternal mortality ratio (MMR). PRISMA guidelines were followed. Twelve articles provided data from 1980 to 2007. The MD rate was 9,750 in 75,560,683 livebirths (MMR: 12.90). MD was direct in 6,791 women (MMR: 8.98), being postpartum hemorrhage the leading cause, and indirect in 2,786 women (MMR: 3.68), with cardiovascular disease as the main cause. The remaining 173 deaths (MMR: 0.22) were unexplained. Maternal age >45 years, vaginal delivery, postpartum period increased the risk of MD. MD reduced over time in all countries except in the Netherlands and USA. Conditions leading to hemorrhage warrant strict management. The risk of an apparently healthy woman to die during motherhood is 0.22 out of 100,000 livebirths.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Berg CJ, Callaghan WM, Syverson C et al (2010) Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 1998 to 2005. Obstet Gynecol 116(6):1302–1309
Berg CJ, Chang J, Callaghan WM et al (2003) Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 1991–1997. Obstet Gynecol 101(2):289–296
Dimitrakakis C, Papadogiannakis J, Sakelaropoulos G et al (2001) Maternal mortality in Greece (1980–1996). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 99(1):6–13
Donati S, Senatore S, Ronconi A (2011) Maternal mortality in Italy: a record-linkage study. BJOG 118(7):872–879
Fassler M, Zimmermann R, QuackLotscher KC (2010) Maternal mortality in Switzerland 1995–2004. Swiss Med Wkly 140(1–2):25–30
Gissler M, Kauppila R, Merilainen J et al (1997) Pregnancy-associated deaths in Finland 1987–1994—definition problems and benefits of record linkage. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76(7):651–657
Gurina NA, Vangen S, Forsen L et al (2006) Maternal mortality in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. Bull World Health Organ 84(4):283–289
Ibison JM, Swerdlow AJ, Head JA et al (1996) Maternal mortality in England and Wales 1970–1985: an analysis by country of birth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 103(10):973–980
Karimian-Teherani D, Haidinger G, Waldhoer T et al (2002) Under-reporting of direct and indirect obstetrical deaths in Austria, 1980–98. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 81(4):323–327
Koonin LM, MacKay AP, Berg CJ et al (1997) Pregnancy-related mortality surveillance–United States, 1987–1990. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 46(4):17–36
Nagaya K, Fetters MD, Ishikawa M et al (2000) Causes of maternal mortality in Japan. JAMA 283(20):2661–2667
Razum O, Jahn A, Blettner M et al (1999) Trends in maternal mortality ratio among women of German and non-German nationality in West Germany, 1980–1996. Int J Epidemiol 28(5):919–924
Romero-Gutierrez G, Espitia-Vera A, Ponce-Ponce de Leon AL et al (2007) Risk factors of maternal death in Mexico. Birth 34(1):21–25
Rossi AC, Lee RH, Chmait RH (2010) Emergency postpartum hysterectomy for uncontrolled postpartum bleeding: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 115(3):637–644
Schuitemaker N, Van Roosmalen J, Dekker G et al (1997) Underreporting of maternal mortality in The Netherlands. Obstet Gynecol 90(1):78–82
Schutte JM, Schuitemaker NW, van Roosmalen J et al (2008) Substandard care in maternal mortality due to hypertensive disease in pregnancy in the Netherlands. BJOG 115(6):732–736
Schutte JM, Steegers EA, Schuitemaker NW et al (2008) Rise in maternal mortality in the Netherlands. BJOG 117(4):399–406
Shah IH, Say L (2007) Maternal mortality and maternity care from 1990 to 2005: uneven but important gains. Reprod Health Matters 15(30):17–27
Vrachnis N, Iliodromiti S, Samoli E et al (2011) Maternal mortality in Greece, 1996–2006. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 115(1):16–19
Welsch H, Krone HA, Wisser J (2004) Maternal mortality in Bavaria between 1983 and 2000. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191(1):304–308
Zhu L, Qin M, Du L et al (2009) Comparison of maternal mortality between migrating population and permanent residents in Shanghai, China, 1996–2005. BJOG 116(3):401–407