Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo
Sự phát sinh bệnh lý phân tử đang nổi lên của neuroblastoma: Những tác động đối với việc đánh giá rủi ro và liệu pháp nhắm mục tiêu được cải thiện
Tóm tắt
Neuroblastoma là một trong những khối u rắn phổ biến nhất ở trẻ em, phát sinh từ các tế bào hệ thống thần kinh giao cảm chưa trưởng thành. Đường lối lâm sàng của bệnh nhân mắc neuroblastoma rất đa dạng, từ hồi phục tự phát đến bệnh di căn rộng rãi. Mặc dù kết quả điều trị cho trẻ em mắc ung thư đã cải thiện đáng kể trong những thập kỷ qua, tiên lượng cho trẻ em mắc neuroblastoma ác tính vẫn rất tồi tệ. Tính dị dạng lâm sàng của neuroblastoma phản ánh sự đa dạng sinh học và di truyền của các khối u này. Ploidy và khuếch đại MYCN đã được sử dụng như là các dấu hiệu di truyền để phân loại rủi ro và quyết định điều trị, và gần đây, việc lập hồ sơ biểu hiện gen và phân tích số lượng bản sao DNA trên toàn bộ bộ gen đã trở thành những công cụ nhạy và cụ thể để đánh giá tiên lượng. Việc ứng dụng các công cụ gen mới cũng đã dẫn đến sự phát hiện một gen ung thư neuroblastoma gia đình quan trọng, ALK, gen này bị đột biến trong khoảng 8% các khối u rải rác, và các nghiên cứu liên kết toàn bộ bộ gen đã phát hiện các vị trí với alleles nguy cơ cho sự phát triển của neuroblastoma. Đối với một số vùng gen bị xóa trong một số neuroblastoma, trên các nhiễm sắc thể 1p, 3p và 11q, các gen ức chế khối u ứng cử đã được xác định. Thêm vào đó, cũng đã có những bằng chứng cho thấy sự góp mặt của các rối loạn epigenetic trong sự hình thành ung thư neuroblastoma. Cũng như ở các thực thể ung thư khác, sự biểu hiện microRNA bị thay đổi cũng đang được công nhận là một yếu tố quan trọng trong neuroblastoma. Những thành công gần đây trong việc khám phá cơ sở di truyền của neuroblastoma đang mở ra những cơ hội cho sự phát triển của các liệu pháp nhắm mục tiêu.
Từ khóa
#neuroblastoma #ung thư trẻ em #di truyền học #liệu pháp nhắm mục tiêu #ALK #biểu hiện gen #microRNA #bệnh lý phân tửTài liệu tham khảo
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