The effects of sexualized video game characters and character personalization on women's self-objectification and body satisfaction

Ahn, 2013, The effect of embodied experiences on self-other merging, attitude, and helping behavior, Media Psychology, 16, 7, 10.1080/15213269.2012.755877 APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls, 2007 Aubrey, 2006, Effects of sexually objectifying media on self-objectification and body surveillance in undergraduates: Results of a 2-year panel study, Journal of Communication, 56, 366, 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00024.x Aubrey, 2009, A picture is worth twenty words (about the self): Testing the priming influence of visual sexual objectification on women’s self-objectification, Communication Research Reports, 26, 271, 10.1080/08824090903293551 Bailey, 2009, How avatar customizability affects children's arousal and subjective presence during junk food-sponsored online video games, Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12, 277, 10.1089/cpb.2008.0292 Barlett, 2008, The impact of body emphasizing video games on body image concerns in men and women, Sex Roles, 59, 586, 10.1007/s11199-008-9457-8 Beasley, 2002, Shirts vs. skins: Clothing as an indicator of gender role stereotyping in video games, Mass Communication and Society, 5, 279, 10.1207/S15327825MCS0503_3 Bem, 1972, Self-perception theory, 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60024-6 Bessière, 2007, The ideal elf: Identity exploration in World of Warcraft, Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10, 530, 10.1089/cpb.2007.9994 Burgess, 2007, Sex, lies, and video games: The portrayal of male and female characters on video game covers, Sex Roles, 57, 419, 10.1007/s11199-007-9250-0 Calogero, 2004, A test of objectification theory: The effect of the male gaze on appearance concerns in college women, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 16, 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00118.x Calogero, 2005, The role of self-objectification in the experience of women with eating disorders, Sex Roles, 52, 43, 10.1007/s11199-005-1192-9 Dill, 2007, Video game characters and the socialization of gender roles: Young people’s perceptions mirror sexist media depictions, Sex Roles, 57, 851, 10.1007/s11199-007-9278-1 Dolgov, 2014, Effects of cooperative gaming and avatar customization on subsequent spontaneous helping behavior, Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 49, 10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.028 Downs, 2010, Keeping abreast of hypersexuality: A video game character content analysis, Sex Roles, 62, 721, 10.1007/s11199-009-9637-1 Ducheneaut, 2009, Body and mind: A study of avatar personalization in three virtual worlds, 1151 Entertainment Software Association, 2016 Fischer, 2010, Media violence and the self: The impact of personalized gaming characters in aggressive video games on aggressive behavior, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 192, 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.010 Fox, 2013, The embodiment of sexualized virtual selves: The Proteus effect and experiences of self-objectification via avatars, Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 930, 10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.027 Fox, 2015, Sexualized avatars lead to women’s self-objectification and acceptance of rape myths, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39, 349, 10.1177/0361684314553578 Fredrickson, 1997, Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173, 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x Fredrickson, 1998, That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 269, 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.269 Garner, 2004 Grabe, 2008, The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies, Psychological Bulletin, 134, 460, 10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460 Halliwell, 2011, Are contemporary media images which seem to display women as sexually empowered actually harmful to women?, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, 38, 10.1177/0361684310385217 Hartmann, 2006, Gender and computer games: Exploring females' dislikes, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11, 910, 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00301.x Hebl, 2004, The swimsuit becomes us all: Ethnicity, gender, and vulnerability to self-objectification, Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1322, 10.1177/0146167204264052 Hollingdale, 2013, The changing face of aggression: The effect of personalized avatars in a violent video game on levels of aggressive behavior, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 1862, 10.1111/jasp.12148 Interactive Software Federation of Europe, 2012 Karsay, 2018, Sexualizing media use and self-objectification: A meta-analysis, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 42, 9, 10.1177/0361684317743019 Karsay, 2020, Sexually objectifying pop music videos, young womens self-objectification, and selective exposure: A moderated mediation model, Communication Research, 47, 428, 10.1177/0093650216661434 Konijn, 2007, I wish I were a warrior: The role of wishful identification in the effects of violent video games on aggression in adolescent boys, Developmental Psychology, 43, 1038, 10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.1038 Linder, 2018, Sexy vs. sporty: The effects of viewing media images of athletes on self-objectification in college students, Sex Roles, 78, 27, 10.1007/s11199-017-0774-7 Liss, 2011, Empowering or oppressing? Development and exploration of the Enjoyment of Sexualization Scale, Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 55, 10.1177/0146167210386119 Lynch, 2016, Sexy, strong, and secondary: A content analysis of female characters in video games across 31 years, Journal of Communication, 66, 564, 10.1111/jcom.12237 Matthews, 2016, Real ideal: Investigating how ideal and hyper-ideal video game bodies affect men and women, Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 155, 10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.026 McCain, 2018, Is desirability of the trait a boundary condition of the Proteus effect? A pilot study, Communication Research Reports, 35, 445, 10.1080/08824096.2018.1531212 Morry, 2001, Magazine exposure: Internalization, self-objectification, eating attitudes, and body satisfaction in male and female university students, Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 33, 269, 10.1037/h0087148 Mulgrew, 2015, The effect of functionality- and aesthetic-focused images on Australian women’s body satisfaction, Sex Roles, 72, 127, 10.1007/s11199-014-0440-2 Ng, 2013, Examining the effects of avatar customization and narrative on engagement and learning in video games, 87 Noll, 1998, A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 623, 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00181.x Posavac, 1998, Exposure to media images of female attractiveness and concern with body weight among young women, Sex Roles, 38, 187, 10.1023/A:1018729015490 Prichard, 2012, The effect of simultaneous exercise and exposure to thin-ideal music videos on women’s state self-objectification, mood and body satisfaction, Sex Roles, 67, 201, 10.1007/s11199-012-0167-x Ratan, 2019, Avatar characteristics induce users’ behavioral conformity with small-to-medium effect sizes: A meta-analysis of the proteus effect, Media Psychology, 11, 1 Raven, 1962 Read, 2018, Increased cognitive load during video game play reduces rape myth acceptance and hostile sexism after exposure to sexualized female avatars, Sex Roles, 5, 279 Schettler, 2019, The embodiment of objects: Review, analysis, and future directions, Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 1332, 10.3389/fnins.2019.01332 Schmierbach, 2012, Feeling the need for (personalized) speed: How natural controls and customization contribute to enjoyment of a racing game through enhanced immersion, Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 15, 364, 10.1089/cyber.2012.0025 Skowronski, 2020, Predicting adolescents’ self-objectification from sexualized video game and Instagram use: A longitudinal study, Sex Roles, 10.1007/s11199-020-01187-1 Slater, 2010, Body image and disordered eating in adolescent girls and boys: A test of objectification theory, Sex Roles, 63, 42, 10.1007/s11199-010-9794-2 Tiggemann, 2001, Body image across the life span in adult women: The role of self-objectification, Developmental Psychology, 37, 243, 10.1037/0012-1649.37.2.243 Tiggemann, 2011, The role of self-objectification in disordered eating, depressed mood, and sexual functioning among women, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36, 66, 10.1177/0361684311420250 Turkay, 2014, The effects of avatar-based customization on player identification, International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations (IJGCMS), 6, 1, 10.4018/ijgcms.2014010101 van de Schoot, 2014, Bayesian analyses: Where to start and what to report, The European Health Psychologist, 16, 75 van Looy, 2012, Player identification in online games: Validation of a scale for measuring identification in MMOGs, Media Psychology, 15, 197, 10.1080/15213269.2012.674917 Vandenbosch, 2017, Sexualized video game avatars and self-objectification in adolescents: The role of gender congruency and activation frequency, Media Psychology, 20, 221, 10.1080/15213269.2016.1142380 Vandenbosch, 2012, Understanding sexual objectification: A comprehensive approach toward media exposure and girls' internalization of beauty ideals, self-objectification, and body surveillance, Journal of Communication, 62, 869, 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01667.x Vandenbosch, 2015, The role of mass media in adolescents' sexual behaviors: Exploring the explanatory value of the three-step self-objectification process, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 729, 10.1007/s10508-014-0292-4 Wagenmakers, 2018, Bayesian inference for psychology. Part II: Example applications with JASP, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 58, 10.3758/s13423-017-1323-7 Ward, 2016, Media and sexualization: State of empirical research, 1995-2015, Journal of Sex Research, 53, 560, 10.1080/00224499.2016.1142496 Williams, 2009, The virtual census: Representations of gender, race and age in video games, New Media & Society, 11, 815, 10.1177/1461444809105354 Yee, 2007, The Proteus effect: The effect of transformed self-representation on behavior, Human Communication Research, 33, 271, 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00299.x Yee, 2009, The difference between being and seeing: The relative contribution of self-perception and priming to behavioral changes via digital self-representation, Media Psychology, 12, 195, 10.1080/15213260902849943 Yee, 2009, The Proteus effect: Implications of transformed digital self-representation on online and offline behavior, Communication Research, 36, 285, 10.1177/0093650208330254