The effects of sesame, canola, and sesame–canola oils on cardiometabolic markers in patients with type 2 diabetes: a triple-blind three-way randomized crossover clinical trial

Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J (2011) IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 94(3):311–321 Atlas D (2015) International diabetes federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 7th edn Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Bang H, Pankow JS, Ballantyne CM, Golden SH, Folsom AR, Chambless LE (2005) Identifying individuals at high risk for diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes Care 28(8):2013–2018 Morrish N, Wang S-L, Stevens L, Fuller J, Keen H, Group WMS (2001) Mortality and causes of death in the WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes. Diabetologia 44(2):S14 Acs A, Ludwig C, Bereza B, Einarson T, Panton U (2017) Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a global systematic review. Value Health 20(9):A475 Weisburger JH (1997) Dietary fat and risk of chronic disease: mechanistic insights from experimental studies. J Am Diet Assoc 97(7 Suppl):S16-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00725-6 Guasch-Ferre M, Becerra-Tomas N, Ruiz-Canela M, Corella D, Schroder H, Estruch R, Ros E, Aros F, Gomez-Gracia E, Fiol M, Serra-Majem L, Lapetra J, Basora J, Martin-Calvo N, Portoles O, Fito M, Hu FB, Forga L, Salas-Salvado J (2017) Total and subtypes of dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the prevencion con dieta mediterranea (PREDIMED) study. Am J Clin Nutr 105(3):723–735. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.142034 Dworatzek PD, Arcudi K, Gougeon R, Husein N, Sievenpiper JL, Williams SL (2013) Nutrition therapy. Can J Diabet 37:S45–S55 Fox CS, Golden SH, Anderson C, Bray GA, Burke LE, De Boer IH, Deedwania P, Eckel RH, Ershow AG, Fradkin J (2015) Update on prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in light of recent evidence: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Circulation 132(8):691–718 Eyre H, Kahn R, Robertson RM, Committee AAACW, Members AAACWC, Clark NG, Doyle C, Hong Y, Gansler T, Glynn T (2004) Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. Circulation 109(25):3244–3255 Franz MJ, Bantle JM, Beebe CA, Brunzell JD, Chiasson J-L, Garg A, Holzmeister LA, Hoogwerf B, Mayer-Davis E, Mooradian A (2002) American Diabetes Association Position Statement: Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. J Am Diet Assoc 102(1):109–118 Kris-Etherton PM, Pearson TA, Wan Y, Hargrove RL, Moriarty K, Fishell V, Etherton TD (1999) High–monounsaturated fatty acid diets lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 70(6):1009–1015. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/70.6.1009 Qian F, Korat AA, Malik V, Hu FB (2016) Metabolic effects of monounsaturated fatty acid–enriched diets compared with carbohydrate or polyunsaturated fatty acid–enriched diets in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 39(8):1448–1457. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-0513 Jeppesen C, Schiller K, Schulze MB (2013) Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and type 2 diabetes. Curr DiabRep 13(2):279–288 Brown TJ, Brainard J, Song F, Wang X, Abdelhamid A, Hooper L (2019) Omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fat for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4697 Brenna JT, Salem N Jr, Sinclair AJ, Cunnane SC (2009) α-Linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 80(2–3):85–91 Johnson GH, Keast DR, Kris-Etherton PM (2007) Dietary modeling shows that the substitution of canola oil for fats commonly used in the United States would increase compliance with dietary recommendations for fatty acids. J Am Diet Assoc 107(10):1726–1734 Amiri M, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Sarrafzadegan N, Forbes SC, Salehi-Abargouei A (2020) The effects of Canola oil on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis with dose-response analysis of controlled clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Disease Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Amiri M, Humphries KH, Salehi-Abargouei A (2019) The effect of canola oil on body weight and composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Adv Nutr 10(3):419–432. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy108 Sankar D, Rao MR, Sambandam G, Pugalendi K (2006) A pilot study of open label sesame oil in hypertensive diabetics. J Med Food 9(3):408–412 Kita S, Matsumura Y, Morimoto S, Akimoto K, Furuya M, Oka N, Tanaka T (1995) Antihypertensive effect of sesamin. II. Protection against two-kidney, one-clip renal hypertension and cardiovascular hypertrophy. Biol Pharm Bull 18(9):1283–1285 Namiki M (2007) Nutraceutical functions of sesame: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 47(7):651–673 Khalesi S, Paukste E, Nikbakht E, Khosravi-Boroujeni H (2016) Sesame fractions and lipid profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Br J Nutr 115(5):764–773. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515005012 Khosravi-Boroujeni H, Nikbakht E, Natanelov E, Khalesi S (2017) Can sesame consumption improve blood pressure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. J Sci Food Agric 97(10):3087–3094. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8361 Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Amiri M, Zimorovat A, Moghtaderi F, Zarei S, Forbes SC, Salehi-Abargouei A (2020) Canola oil compared with sesame and sesame-canola oil on glycaemic control and liver function in patients with type 2 diabetes: a three-way randomized triple-blind cross-over trial. Diabetes Metab Res Rev:e3399 Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Amiri M, Moghtaderi F, Zimorovat A, Rahmanian M, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Salehi-Abargouei A (2021) Effects of sesame, canola and sesame-canola oils on body weight and composition in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, triple-blind, cross-over clinical trial. J Sci Food Agric. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11265 Moghtaderi F, Amiri M, Zimorovat A, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Rahmanian M, Hosseinzadeh M, Fallahzadeh H, Salehi-Abargouei A (2020) The effect of canola, sesame and sesame-canola oils on body fat and composition in adults: a triple-blind, three-way randomised cross-over clinical trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr:1–10 Amiri M, Ghaneian MT, Zare-Sakhvidi MJ, Rahmanian M, Nadjarzadeh A, Moghtaderi F, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Zimorovat A, Jafari F, Reza JZ (2019) The effect of canola oil compared with sesame and sesame-canola oil on cardio-metabolic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes: Design and research protocol of a randomized, triple-blind, three-way, crossover clinical trial. ARYA Atherosclerosis 15 (4) Wilson PWF, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB (1998) Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 97(18):1837–1847 Anderson KM, Odell PM, Wilson PWF, Kannel WB (1991) Cardiovascular disease risk profiles. Am Heart J 121(1):293–298 Amato MC, Giordano C, Galia M, Criscimanna A, Vitabile S, Midiri M, Galluzzo A (2010) Visceral Adiposity Index: a reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with cardiometabolic risk. Diabetes Care 33(4):920–922. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1825 Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, Coresh J (2009) A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 150(9):604–612 Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, O Brien WL, Bassett DR, Schmitz KH, Emplaincourt PO (2000) Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32 (9; SUPP/1):S498-S504 Chow S-C, Wang H, Shao J (2007) Sample size calculations in clinical research. CRC Press Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vuksan V, Faulkner D, Augustin LS, Mitchell S, Ireland C, Srichaikul K, Mirrahimi A, Chiavaroli L (2014) Effect of lowering the glycemic load with canola oil on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 37(7):1806–1814 Chen PR, Chien KL, Su TC, Chang CJ, Liu T-L, Cheng H, Tsai C (2005) Dietary sesame reduces serum cholesterol and enhances antioxidant capacity in hypercholesterolemia. Nutr Res 25(6):559–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2005.05.007 Gunstone F (2011) Vegetable oils in food technology: composition, properties and uses. Wiley Bowen KJ, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG, Fleming JA, Connelly PW, Lamarche B, Couture P, Jenkins DJ, Taylor CG, Zahradka P (2019) Diets enriched with conventional or high-oleic acid canola oils lower atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins compared to a diet with a western fatty acid profile in adults with central adiposity. J Nutr 149(3):471–478. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy307 Narasimhulu CA, Selvarajan K, Litvinov D, Parthasarathy S (2015) Anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory actions of sesame oil. J Med Food 18(1):11–20 Ramezani-Jolfaie N, Aghaei S, Yazd EF, Moradi A, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Zimorovat A, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Moghtaderi F, Amiri M, Yasini Ardakani SA, Salehi-Abargouei A (2020) Association of rs670 variant of APOA-1 gene with cardiometabolic markers after consuming sesame, canola and sesame-canola oils in adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Nutr ESPEN 38:129–137 Ramezani-Jolfaie N, Aghaei S, Farashahi Yazd E, Moradi A, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Amiri M, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Moghtaderi F, Zimorovat A, Yasini Ardakani SA, Salehi-Abargouei A (2020) The combined effects of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) TaqIB gene polymorphism and canola, sesame and sesame-canola oils consumption on metabolic response in patients with diabetes and healthy people. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 12(3):185–194 Nielsen NS, Pedersen A, Sandström B, Marckmann P, Høy C-E (2002) Different effects of diets rich in olive oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower-seed oil on postprandial lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and on lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility. Br J Nutr 87(5):489–499 Gillingham LG, Gustafson JA, Han S-Y, Jassal DS, Jones PJ (2011) High-oleic rapeseed (canola) and flaxseed oils modulate serum lipids and inflammatory biomarkers in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Br J Nutr 105(3):417–427 Sarkkinena ES, Uusitupaa MI, Pietinen P, Aro A, Ahola I, Penttilä I, Kervinen K, Kesäniemi YA (1994) Long-term effects of three fat-modified diets in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 105(1):9–23 von Eckardstein A, Funke H, Chirazi A, Chen-Haudenschild C, Schulte H, Schönfeld R, Köhler E, Schwarz S, Steinmetz A, Assmann G (1994) Sex-specific effects of the glutamine/histidine polymorphism in apo A-IV on HDL metabolism. Arteriosc Thromb Journal Vascu Biol 14(7):1114–1120 Bruns CM, Kemnitz JW (2004) Sex hormones, insulin sensitivity, and diabetes mellitus. ILAR J 45(2):160–169. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.45.2.160 Petersen KS, Bowen KJ, Tindall AM, Sullivan VK, Johnston EA, Fleming JA, Kris-Etherton PM (2020) The effect of inflammation and insulin resistance on lipid and lipoprotein responsiveness to dietary intervention. Curr Dev Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa160 Matsumura Y, Kita S, Tanida Y, Taguchi Y, Morimoto S, Akimoto K, Tanaka T (1998) Antihypertensive effect of sesamin. III. Protection against development and maintenance of hypertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biol Pharm Bull 21(5):469–473 Martín-Peláez S, Castañer O, Konstantinidou V, Subirana I, Muñoz-Aguayo D, Blanchart G, Gaixas S, de la Torre R, Farré M, Sáez GT (2017) Effect of olive oil phenolic compounds on the expression of blood pressure-related genes in healthy individuals. Eur J Nutr 56(2):663–670 Matsumura Y, Kita S, Morimoto S, Akimoto K, Furuya M, Oka N, Tanaka T (1995) Antihypertensive effect of sesamin. I. Protection against deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension and cardiovascular hypertrophy. Biol Pharm Bull 18(7):1016–1019 Namiki M (1995) The chemistry and physiological functions of sesame. Food Rev Intl 11(2):281–329 Boshtam M, Rafiei M, Sadeghi K, Sarraf-Zadegan N (2002) Vitamin E can reduce blood pressure in mild hypertensives. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 72(5):309–314 Reckelhoff JF (2018) Sex differences in regulation of blood pressure. In: Sex-Specific Analysis of Cardiovascular Function. Springer, pp 139–151 Karatzi K, Stamatelopoulos K, Lykka M, Mantzouratou P, Skalidi S, Zakopoulos N, Papamichael C, Sidossis LS (2013) Sesame oil consumption exerts a beneficial effect on endothelial function in hypertensive men. Eur J Prev Cardiol 20(2):202–208 Wu JH, Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Belski R, Burke V, Croft KD (2009) Sesame supplementation does not improve cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight men and women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 19(11):774–780 Khajehdehi P (2000) Lipid-lowering effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 10(4):191–195 Langley-Evans SC, Clamp AG, Grimble RF, Jackson AA (1996) Influence of dietary fats upon systolic blood pressure in the rat. Int J Food Sci Nutr 47(5):417–425 Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Grobbee DE, Donders AR, Kok FJ (2002) Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. LWW Dittrich M, Jahreis G, Bothor K, Drechsel C, Kiehntopf M, Blüher M, Dawczynski C (2015) Benefits of foods supplemented with vegetable oils rich in α-linolenic, stearidonic or docosahexaenoic acid in hypertriglyceridemic subjects: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trail. Eur J Nutr 54(6):881–893 Theobald HE, Goodall AH, Sattar N, Talbot DC, Chowienczyk PJ, Sanders TA (2007) Low-dose docosahexaenoic acid lowers diastolic blood pressure in middle-aged men and women. J Nutr 137(4):973–978 Baxheinrich A, Stratmann B, Lee-Barkey YH, Tschoepe D, Wahrburg U (2012) Effects of a rapeseed oil-enriched hypoenergetic diet with a high content of alpha-linolenic acid on body weight and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Br J Nutr 108(4):682–691. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002875 Leeson C, Mann A, Kattenhorn M, Deanfield J, Lucas A, Muller D (2002) Relationship between circulating n-3 fatty acid concentrations and endothelial function in early adulthood. Eur Heart J 23(3):216–222 Wendland E, Farmer A, Glasziou P, Neil A (2006) Effect of α linolenic acid on cardiovascular risk markers: a systematic review. Heart 92(2):166–169 Azemati M, Shakerhosseini R, Hekmatdos A, Alavi-Majd H, Hedayati M, Houshiarrad A, Hosseini M, Taherian ME, Noroozi MF, Rashidi M, Amraie A (2012) Comparison of the effects of canola oil versus sunflower oil on the biochemical markers of bone metabolism in osteoporosis. J Res Med Sci 17(12):1137–1143 Bailey CJ, Day C (2012) Diabetes therapies in renal impairment. Br J Diab Vasc Dis 12(4):167–171 Barzilay JI, Davis BR, Pressel SL, Ghosh A, Rahman M, Einhorn PT, Cushman WC, Whelton PK, Wright JT Jr (2018) The effects of eGFR change on CVD, renal, and mortality outcomes in a hypertensive cohort treated with 3 different antihypertensive medications. Am J Hypertens 31(5):609–614 Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N (2010) Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev 4(8):118 Small DM, Coombes JS, Bennett N, Johnson DW, Gobe GC (2012) Oxidative stress, anti-oxidant therapies and chronic kidney disease. Nephrology 17(4):311–321 Shimoyoshi S, Takamoto D, Masutomi H, Kishimoto Y, Amano A, Ono Y, Shibata H, Ishigami A (2017) Sesamin and sesamin combined with alpha-tocopherol improve age-related kidney dysfunction. Innovation Aging 1 (suppl_1):458–458 Hsu D-Z, Li Y-H, Chu P-Y, Periasamy S, Liu M-Y (2011) Sesame oil prevents acute kidney injury induced by the synergistic action of aminoglycoside and iodinated contrast in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55(6):2532–2536 Hsu D-Z, Liu M-Y (2004) Effects of sesame oil on oxidative stress after the onset of sepsis in rats. Shock 22(6):582–585 Hsu D-Z, Liu M-Y (2004) Sesame oil protects against lipopolysaccharide-stimulated oxidative stress in rats. Crit Care Med 32(1):227–231 Hsu D-Z, Su S-B, Chien S-P, Chiang P-J, Li Y-H, Lo Y-J, Liu M-Y (2005) Effect of sesame oil on oxidative-stress-associated renal injury in endotoxemic rats: involvement of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines. Shock 24(3):276–280 Takeyama N, Shoji Y, Ohashi K, Tanaka T (1996) Role of reactive oxygen intermediates in lipopolysaccharide-mediated hepatic injury in the rat. J Surg Res 60(1):258–262 Mackay DS, Jew S, Jones PJ (2017) Best practices for design and implementation of human clinical trials studying dietary oils. Prog Lipid Res 65:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2016.10.003 Wang D, Bakhai A (2006) Clinical trials: a practical guide to design, analysis, and reporting. Remedica Iggman D, Gustafsson IB, Berglund L, Vessby B, Marckmann P, Risérus U (2011) Replacing dairy fat with rapeseed oil causes rapid improvement of hyperlipidaemia: a randomized controlled study. J Intern Med 270(4):356–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02383.x Jones PJH, Senanayake VK, Pu S, Jenkins DJA, Connelly PW, Lamarche B, Couture P, Charest A, Baril-Gravel L, West SG, Liu X, Fleming JA, McCrea CE, Kris-Etherton PM (2014) Dha-enriched high-oleic acid canola oil improves lipid profile and lowers predicted cardiovascular disease risk in the canola oil multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 100(1):88–97. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.081133