The effects of maternal inflammation on neuronal development: possible mechanisms
Tóm tắt
That maternal inflammation adversely affects fetal brain development is well established. Less well understood are the mechanisms that account for neurodevelopmental disorders arising from maternal inflammation. This review seeks to begin an examination of possible sites and mechanisms of action whereby inflammatory cytokines – produced by the mother or by the fetal brain – could impact the developing fetus. We focus first on the placenta where cytokines maintain the immunological environment that prevents maternal rejection of the fetus. Following a brief examination of placental transfer of maternal cytokines, the focus turns on embryonic microglia, early and ubiquitous residents of the developing brain. Finally, a more intense examination of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) provides examples of glial‐ or maternal‐derived cytokines that are known to have profound effects on developing systems and that could, if dysregulated, have undesirable consequences for brain development.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aboagye‐Mathiesen G., 1994, Production of interferons in human placental trophoblast subpopulations and their possible roles in pregnancy, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 1, 650, 10.1128/cdli.1.6.650-659.1994
Aboagye‐Mathiesen G., 1995, Human trophoblast interferons: production and possible roles in early pregnancy, Early Pregnancy, 1, 41
Borovecki F., 2004, Bone morphogenetic protein‐7 from serum of pregnant mice is available to the fetus through placental transfer during early stages of development, Nephron. Exp. Nephrol., 97, e26, 10.1159/000077595
Rio Hortaga P., 1932, Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System
Gallo P., 1990, Macrophage‐derived cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV‐1‐infected patients, Acta Neurol. (Napoli), 12, 62
Hillier S.L., 1993, The relationship of amniotic fluid cytokines and preterm delivery, amniotic fluid infection, histologic chorioamnionitis, and chorioamnion infection, Obstet. Gynecol., 81, 941
Imai Y., 1990, Ontogeny of macrophages in the yolk sac and embryo, J. Leukocyte Biol. Suppl., 1
S.L.Opsjln N.C.Wathen S.Tingulstad G.Wiedswang A.Sundan A.Waage R.Austgulen.Tumor necrosis factor interleukin‐1 and interleukin‐6 in normal human pregnancy.Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol.1993;397–404
S.E.P. Smith J. Li K. Garbett K. Mirnics P.H. Patterson 2007.Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development through interleukin‐6.J. Neurosci. in press.
Toth F.D., 1990, Interferon production by cultured human trophoblasts and choriocarcinoma cell lines induced by Sendai virus, J. Gen. Virol., 71, 3067, 10.1099/0022-1317-71-12-3067
Uchide N., 2005, Induction of pro‐inflammatory cytokine gene expression and apoptosis in human chorion cells of fetal membranes by influenza virus infection: possible implications for maintenance and interruption of pregnancy during infection, Med. Sci. Monit., 11, RA7