The effects of eslicarbazepine on persistent Na+ current and the role of the Na+ channel β subunits

Almeida, 2007, Eslicarbazepine acetate (BIA 2-093), Neurother. J. Am. Soc. Exp. Neurother., 4, 88, 10.1016/j.nurt.2006.10.005 Ben-Menachem, 2010, Eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive therapy in adult patients with partial epilepsy, Epilepsy Res., 89, 278, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.01.014 Bialer, 2010, Key factors in the discovery and development of new antiepileptic drugs, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 9, 68, 10.1038/nrd2997 Bialer, 2012, Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of eslicarbazepine acetate, Epilepsia, 53, 935, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03519.x Bonifácio, 2001, Interaction of the novel anticonvulsant, BIA 2-093, with voltage-gated sodium channels: comparison with carbamazepine, Epilepsia, 42, 600, 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.43600.x Brackenbury, 2008, Voltage-gated Na+ channels: potential for beta subunits as therapeutic targets, Expert Opin. Ther. Targets, 12, 1191, 10.1517/14728222.12.9.1191 Brackenbury, 2011, Na channel β subunits: overachievers of the ion channel family, Front. Pharmacol., 2, 53, 10.3389/fphar.2011.00053 Catterall, 2000, From ionic currents to molecular mechanisms: the structure and function of voltage-gated sodium channels, Neuron, 26, 13, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81133-2 Catterall, 2005, International Union of Pharmacology XLVII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated sodium channels, Pharmacol. Rev., 57, 397, 10.1124/pr.57.4.4 Catterall, 2008, Inherited neuronal ion channelopathies: new windows on complex neurological diseases, J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci., 28, 11768, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3901-08.2008 Chen, 2002, Reduced sodium channel density, altered voltage dependence of inactivation, and increased susceptibility to seizures in mice lacking sodium channel beta 2-subunits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99, 17072, 10.1073/pnas.212638099 Chen, 2004, Mice lacking sodium channel beta1 subunits display defects in neuronal excitability, sodium channel expression, and nodal architecture, J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci., 24, 4030, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4139-03.2004 Chen, 2011, An increase in persistent sodium current contributes to intrinsic neuronal bursting after status epilepticus, J. Neurophysiol., 105, 117, 10.1152/jn.00184.2010 Elger, 2007, Eslicarbazepine acetate: a double-blind, add-on, placebo-controlled exploratory trial in adult patients with partial-onset seizures, Epilepsia, 48, 497, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.00984.x Elger, 2009, Efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive treatment in adults with refractory partial-onset seizures: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase III study, Epilepsia, 50, 454, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01946.x Ellerkmann, 2003, Molecular and functional changes in voltage-dependent Na(+) channels following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rat dentate granule cells, Neuroscience, 119, 323, 10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00168-4 Errington, 2008, The investigational anticonvulsant lacosamide selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels, Mol. Pharmacol., 73, 157, 10.1124/mol.107.039867 Gil-Nagel, 2009, Efficacy and safety of 800 and 1200mg eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive treatment in adults with refractory partial-onset seizures, Acta Neurol. Scand., 120, 281, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01218.x Gil-Nagel, 2013, Efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine acetate as add-on treatment in patients with focal-onset seizures: integrated analysis of pooled data from double-blind phase III clinical studies, Epilepsia, 54, 98, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03605.x Goldin, 2000, Nomenclature of voltage-gated sodium channels, Neuron, 28, 365, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00116-1 Goldin, 2001, Resurgence of sodium channel research, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 63, 871, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.871 Halász, 2010, Long-term efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine acetate: results of a 1-year open-label extension study in partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy, Epilepsia, 51, 1963, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02660.x Hebeisen, 2011, Inhibitory effects of eslicarbazepine acetate and its metabolites against neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels, Epilepsia, 52, 257 Hufnagel, 2013, Long-term safety and efficacy of eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy: results of a 1-year open-label extension study, Epilepsy Res., 103, 262, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.07.014 Isom, 1994, Auxiliary subunits of voltage-gated ion channels, Neuron, 12, 1183, 10.1016/0896-6273(94)90436-7 Lopes-Lima, 2008, Long-term treatment of partial epilepsy with eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL): results of a one-year open-label extension of study BIA-2093-303, Epilepsia, 49, 441 Lossin, 2009, A catalog of SCN1A variants, Brain Dev., 31, 114, 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.07.011 Lucas, 2005, An epilepsy mutation in the beta1 subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel results in reduced channel sensitivity to phenytoin, Epilepsy Res., 64, 77, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.03.003 Magistretti, 1999, Biophysical properties and slow voltage-dependent inactivation of a sustained sodium current in entorhinal cortex layer-II principal neurons: a whole-cell and single-channel study, J. Gen. Physiol., 114, 491, 10.1085/jgp.114.4.491 Marini, 2011, The genetics of Dravet syndrome, Epilepsia, 52, 24, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.02997.x Meadows, 2002, Functional and biochemical analysis of a sodium channel beta1 subunit mutation responsible for generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus type 1, J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci., 22, 10699, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-24-10699.2002 Meisler, 2010, Sodium channel gene family: epilepsy mutations, gene interactions and modifier effects, J. Physiol., 588, 1841, 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.188482 Oliva, 2012, Sodium channels and the neurobiology of epilepsy, Epilepsia, 53, 1849, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03631.x Patino, 2009, A functional null mutation of SCN1B in a patient with Dravet syndrome, J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci., 29, 10764, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2475-09.2009 Patino, 2010, Electrophysiology and beyond multiple roles of Na+ channel β subunits in development and disease, Neurosci. Lett., 486, 53, 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.050 Remy, 2003, Anticonvulsant pharmacology of voltage-gated Na+ channels in hippocampal neurons of control and chronically epileptic rats, Eur. J. Neurosci., 17, 2648, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02710.x Savio-Galimberti, 2012, Voltage-gated sodium channels: biophysics, pharmacology, and related channelopathies, Front. Pharmacol., 3, 124, 10.3389/fphar.2012.00124 Scheffer, 1997, Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus: a genetic disorder with heterogeneous clinical phenotypes, Brain J. Neurol., 120, 479, 10.1093/brain/120.3.479 Scheffer, 2007, Temporal lobe epilepsy and GEFS+ phenotypes associated with SCN1B mutations, Brain J. Neurol., 130, 100, 10.1093/brain/awl272 Sekerli, 2004, Estimating action potential thresholds from neuronal time-series: new metrics and evaluation of methodologies, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 51, 1665, 10.1109/TBME.2004.827531 Sheets, 2008, Differential block of sensory neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels by lacosamide [(2R)-2-(acetylamino)-N-benzyl-3-methoxypropanamide], lidocaine, and carbamazepine, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 326, 89, 10.1124/jpet.107.133413 Soares-da-Silva, 2012, Slow and fast inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels by eslicarbazepine and carbamazepine, Epilepsia, 53, 54 Stafstrom, 2007, Persistent sodium current and its role in epilepsy, Epilepsy Curr. Am. Epilepsy Soc., 7, 15, 10.1111/j.1535-7511.2007.00156.x Uebachs, 2010, Efficacy loss of the anticonvulsant carbamazepine in mice lacking sodium channel beta subunits via paradoxical effects on persistent sodium currents, J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci., 30, 8489, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1534-10.2010 Uebachs, 2012, Loss of β1 accessory Na+ channel subunits causes failure of carbamazepine, but not of lacosamide, in blocking high-frequency firing via differential effects on persistent Na+ currents, Epilepsia, 53, 1959, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03675.x Wallace, 1998, Febrile seizures and generalized epilepsy associated with a mutation in the Na+-channel beta1 subunit gene SCN1B, Nat. Genet., 19, 366, 10.1038/448 Wiebe, 2012, Pharmacoresistance and the role of surgery in difficult to treat epilepsy, Nat. Rev. Neurol., 8, 669, 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.181 Yu, 2003, Overview of the voltage-gated sodium channel family, Genome Biol., 4, 207, 10.1186/gb-2003-4-3-207 Yu, 2003, Sodium channel beta4, a new disulfide-linked auxiliary subunit with similarity to beta2, J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci., 23, 7577, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-20-07577.2003 Yue, 2005, Proximal persistent Na+ channels drive spike afterdepolarizations and associated bursting in adult CA1 pyramidal cells, J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci., 25, 9704, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1621-05.2005