The consumption of a bread enriched with dietary fibre and l-carnitine improves glucose homoeostasis and insulin sensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome

Bäckhed, 2004, The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 101, 15718, 10.1073/pnas.0407076101 Behall, 2004, Diets containing barley significantly reduce lipids in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80, 1185, 10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1185 Brennan, 2005, Dietary fibre, glycaemic response, and diabetes, Mol. Nutr. Food. Res., 49, 560, 10.1002/mnfr.200500025 D'Aversa, 2013, Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome, Intern. Emerg. Med., 8, S11, 10.1007/s11739-013-0916-z de Kleijn, 2002, Dietary intake of phytoestrogens is associated with a favorable metabolic cardiovascular risk profile in postmenopausal U.S. women: the Framingham study, J. Nutr., 132, 276, 10.1093/jn/132.2.276 Eckel, 2005, The metabolic syndrome, Lancet, 365, 1415, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66378-7 Grundy, 2005, Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement, Circulation, 112, 2735, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404 Hernández-Mijares, 2011, Low intestinal cholesterol absorption is associated with a reduced efficacy of phytosterol esters as hypolipemic agents in patients with metabolic syndrome, Clin. Nutr., 30, 604, 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.03.005 Jeppesen, 2007, Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a population-based study, Am. J. Coll. Cardiol., 49, 2112, 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.088 Johnston, 2010, Resistant starch improves insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome, Diabet. Med., 27, 391, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02923.x Ley, 2006, Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity, Nature, 444, 1022, 10.1038/4441022a Liatis, 2009, The consumption of bread enriched with betaglucan reduces LDL-cholesterol and improves insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Metab., 35, 115, 10.1016/j.diabet.2008.09.004 Luci, 2008, Fasting and caloric restriction increases mRNA concentrations of novel organic cation transporter-2 and carnitine concentrations in rat tissues, Ann. Nutr. Metab., 52, 58, 10.1159/000118872 Macia, 2015, Metabolite-sensing receptors GPR43 and GPR109A facilitate dietary fibre-induced gut homeostasis through regulation of the inflammasome, Nat. Commun., 6, 6734, 10.1038/ncomms7734 Malaguarnera, 2009, L-Carnitine supplementation reduces oxidized LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetes, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 89, 71, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26251 Marcovina, 2013, Translating the basic knowledge of mitochondrial functions to metabolic therapy: role of L-carnitine, Transl. Res., 161, 73, 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.10.006 Molfino, 2010, Caloric restriction and L-carnitine administration improves insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose metabolism, JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr., 34, 295, 10.1177/0148607109353440 Musunuru, 2010, Atherogenic dyslipidemia: cardiovascular risk and dietary intervention, Lipids, 45, 907, 10.1007/s11745-010-3408-1 Nauta, 2013, Evidence-based benefits of specific mixtures of non-digestible oligosaccharides on the immune system, Carbohydr. Polym., 93, 263, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.021 Papadaki, 2014, Impact of weight loss and maintenance with ad libitum diets varying in protein and glycemic index content on metabolic syndrome, Nutrition, 30, 410, 10.1016/j.nut.2013.09.001 Rajasekar, 2007, Effect of L-carnitine on skeletal muscle lipids and oxidative stress in rats fed high-fructose diet, Exp. Diabetes Res., 2007, 72741, 10.1155/2007/72741 Ringseis, 2012, Role of carnitine in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity: evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies with carnitine supplementation and carnitine deficiency, Eur. J. Nutr., 51, 1, 10.1007/s00394-011-0284-2 Robertson, 2012, Insulin-sensitizing effects on muscle and adipose tissue after dietary fiber intake in men and women with metabolic syndrome, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 97, 3326, 10.1210/jc.2012-1513 Ruggenenti, 2009, Ameliorating hypertension and insulin resistance in subjects at increased cardiovascular risk: effects of acetyl-L-carnitine therapy, Hypertension, 54, 567, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.132522 Sohrab, 2013, Dietary polyphenols and metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults, Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 64, 661, 10.3109/09637486.2013.787397 Solà, 2010, Soluble fibre (Plantago ovata husk) reduces plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, oxidised LDL and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolaemic patients: a randomised trial, Atherosclerosis, 211, 630, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.03.010 Stephens, 2007, New insights concerning the role of carnitine in the regulation of fuel metabolism in skeletal muscle, J. Physiol., 581, 431, 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.125799 Ylönen, 2003, Associations of dietary fiber with glucose metabolism in nondiabetic relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes: the Botnia Dietary Study, Diabetes Care, 26, 1979, 10.2337/diacare.26.7.1979 Zhang, 2014, L-carnitine ameliorated fasting-induced fatigue, hunger, and metabolic abnormalities in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled study, Nutr. J., 13, 110, 10.1186/1475-2891-13-110