The comparison of macroseismic intensity scales
Tóm tắt
The number of different macroseismic scales that have been used to express earthquake shaking in the course of the last 200 years is not known; it may reach three figures. The number of important scales that have been widely adopted is much smaller, perhaps about eight, not counting minor variants. Where data sets exist that are expressed in different scales, it is often necessary to establish some sort of equivalence between them, although best practice would be to reassign intensity values rather than convert them. This is particularly true because difference between workers in assigning intensity is often greater than differences between the scales themselves, particularly in cases where one scale may not be very well defined. The extent to which a scale guides the user to arrive at a correct assessment of the intensity is a measure of the quality of the scale. There are a number of reasons why one should prefer one scale to another for routine use, and some of these tend in different directions. If a scale has many tests (diagnostics) for each degree, it is more likely that the scale can be applied in any case that comes to hand, but if the diagnostics are so numerous that they include ones that do not accurately indicate any one intensity level, then the use of the scale will tend to produce false values. The purpose of this paper is chiefly to discuss in a general way the principles involved in the analysis of intensity scales. Conversions from different scales to the European Macroseismic Scale are discussed.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ambraseys NN, Melville CP (1982) A history of Persian earthquakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Ambraseys NN, Banda E, Irving J, Mallard D, Melville CP, Morse T, Muir Wood R, Munoz D, Serva L, Shilston D, Surinach E, Vogt J (1983) Notes on historical seismicity. Bull Seismol Soc Am 73:1917–1920
Ballore FdMd (1916) Earthquake intensity scales. Bull Seismol Soc Am 6:227–231
Brazee RJ (1978) Reevaluation of Modified Mercalli intensity scale for earthquakes using distance as determinant. Technical Memorandum. NOAA, NOAA
Burton PW, Musson RMW, Neilson G (1984) Studies of historical British earthquakes. BGS Global Seismology report no. 237, Edinburgh
Cancani A (1904) Sur l’emploi d’une double echelle sismique des intensitès, empirique et absolue. Gerlands Beitr Geophys 2:281–283
Davison C (1900) Scales of seismic intensity. Philos Mag 50:44–53
Davison C (1921) On scales of seismic intensity and on the construction of isoseismal lines. Bull Seismol Soc Am 11:95–129
Davison C (1933) Scales of seismic intensity: supplementary paper. Bull Seismol Soc Am 23:158–166
de Rossi MS (1874) Bibliografia con annotazione. Bull Vulcanismo Ital 1:46–56
de Rossi MS (1883) Programma dell’osservatorio ed archivio centrale geodinamico presso il R. Comitato Geologico d’Italia. Bull Vulcanismo Ital 10:3–128
Dengler L, McPherson R (1993) The 17 August 1991 Honeydew earthquake, North Coast California: a case for revising the Modified Mercalli scale in sparsely populated areas. Bull Seismol Soc Am 83:1081–1094
Dowrick DJ (1996) The Modified Mercalli earthquake intensity scale—revisions arising from recent studies of New Zealand earthquakes. Bull N Z Soc Earthq Eng 29:92–106
Egen PNC (1828) Über das Erdbeben in den Rhein- und Niederlanden vom 23. Februar. 1828. Ann Phys 13:153–163
Forel FA (1881) Intensity scale. Arch Sci Phys Nat 6:465–466
Grünthal G (ed) (1989) Thoughts and proposals for the updating of the MSK intensity scale. Central Institute for the Physics of the Earth, Potsdam
Grünthal G (ed) (1993) European Macroseismic Scale 1992 (up-dated MSK-scale). Cahiers du Centre Europèen de Gèodynamique et de Seismologie. Conseil de l’Europe, Conseil de l’Europe
Grünthal G (ed) (1998) European Macroseismic Scale 1998. Cahiers du Centre Europèen de Gèodynamique et de Seismologie. Conseil de l’Europe, Conseil de l’Europe
Guidoboni E, Ebel JE (2009) Earthquakes and tsunamis in the past. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Japanese Meteorological Agency (1996) Explanation table of JMA seismic intensity scale. http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/know/shindo/explane.html
Kaka S-L, Atkinson GM (2004) Relationships between instrumental ground-motion parameters and Modified Mercalli intensity in Eastern North America. Bull Seismol Soc Am 94:1728–1736. doi:10.1785/012003228
Klügel J-U (2005) Problems in the application of the SSHAC probability method for assessing earthquake hazards at Swiss nuclear power plants. Eng Geol 78:285–307. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.01.007
Krinitzsky EL, Chang FK (1988) Intensity-related earthquake ground motions. Bull Assoc Eng Geol 25:425–435
Medvedev S, Sponheuer W, Karník V (1964) Neue seismische Skala Intensity scale of earthquakes, 7. Tagung der Europäischen Seismologischen Kommission vom 24.9. bis 30.9.1962. In: Jena, Veröff. Institut für Bodendynamik und Erdbebenforschung in Jena, vol 77. Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, pp 69–76
Mercalli G (1883) Vulcani e fenomeni vulcanici in Italia. In: Negri G, Stoppani A, Mercalli G (eds) Geologia d’Italia. Vallardi, pp 217–218
Mercalli G (1902) Sulle modificazioni proposte alla scala sismica De Rossi–Forel. Boll Soc Sismol Ital 8:184–191
Milne D (1842) Report of the committee appointed at the meeting of the British Association held at Plymouth, in 1841, for registering shocks of earthquakes in Great Britain. Report of the British Association of the Advancement of Science, pp 92–98
Murphy JR, O’Brien LJ (1977) The correlation of peak ground acceleration amplitude with seismic intensity and other physical parameters. Bull Seismol Soc Am 67:877–915
Musson RMW (1991) The use of the MSK intensity scale in the study of British earthquakes. In: 3rd international symposium on historical earthquakes in Europe, Liblice, pp 5–12
Musson RMW (2006) Automatic assessment of EMS-98 intensities. British Geological Survey, Technical Report IR/06/048
Musson RMW, Cecič I (2002) Macroseismology. In: Lee WHK, Kanamori H, Jennings PC, Kisslinger C (eds) International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology. Academic, San Diego, pp 807–822
Musson RMW, Grünthal G, Stucchi M (1995) Comment on “the 17 August 1991 Honeydew earthquake: a case for revising the Modified Mercalli scale in sparsely populated areas” by Dengler and McPherson. Bull Seismol Soc Am 85:1266–1267
Neilson G, Musson RMW, Burton PW (1984) The “London” earthquake of 1580 April 6. Eng Geol 20:113–142. doi:10.1016/0013-7952(84)90048-6
Omori F (1900) Intensity scale. Earthquake investigation committee publication in foreign languages, vol 4, pp 137–141
Principia Mechanica Ltd (1982) British earthquakes. Principia Mechanica Ltd, Cambridge
Reiter L (1990) Earthquake hazard analysis. Columbia Univeristy Press, New York
Richter CF (1958) Elementary seismology. Freeman, San Francisco
Serva L (1994) Ground effects in intensity scales. Terra Nova 6:414–416. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00515.x
Sieberg A (1912) Über die makroseismische Bestimmung der Erdbebenstärke. Gerlands Beitr Geophys 11:227–239
Sieberg A (1923) Geologische, physikalische und angewandte Erdbebenkunde. G. Fischer, Jena
Stover CW, Coffman JL (1993) Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (revised). United States Government Printing Office, Washington
Vogt J, Musson RMW, Stucchi M (1994) Seismological and hydrological criteria for the new European Macroseismic Scale (MSK-92). Nat Hazards 10:1–6. doi:10.1007/BF00643437
Wald DJ, Quitoriano V, Dengler LA, Dewey JW (1999) Utilization of the Internet for rapid community intensity maps. Seismol Res Lett 70:680–697
Willmore PL (ed) (1979) Manual of seismological observatory practice. World Data Centre A for Solid Earth Geophysics, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, EDIS, World Data Centre A for Solid Earth Geophysics, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, EDIS, 165
Wood HO, Neumann F (1931) Modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931. Bull Seismol Soc Am 21:277–283
Yamazaki F, Noda S, Meguro K (1998) Developments of early earthquake damage assessment systems in Japan. In: 7th international conference on structural safety and reliability, pp 1573–1580