The adverse health effects of chronic cannabis use

Drug Testing and Analysis - Tập 6 Số 1-2 - Trang 39-45 - 2014
Wayne Hall1,2, Louisa Degenhardt3,4
1National Addiction Centre Kings College London London WC2R 2LS United Kingdom
2The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Site Herston QLD 4029 Australia
3Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
4National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia

Tóm tắt

This paper summarizes the most probable of the adverse health effects of regular cannabis use sustained over years, as indicated by epidemiological studies that have established an association between cannabis use and adverse outcomes; ruled out reverse causation; and controlled for plausible alternative explanations. We have also focused on adverse outcomes for which there is good evidence of biological plausibility. The focus is on those adverse health effects of greatest potential public health significance – those that are most likely to occur and to affect a substantial proportion of regular cannabis users. These most probable adverse effects of regular use include a dependence syndrome, impaired respiratory function, cardiovascular disease, adverse effects on adolescent psychosocial development and mental health, and residual cognitive impairment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1007/978-1-4899-2189-5

Hall W.D., 2010, Cannabis Use and Dependence: Public Health and Public Policy

10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.032

UNODC.World Drug Report 2012. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Vienna 2012.

10.1136/bmj.e536

10.1371/journal.pone.0053127

10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.007

10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61037-0

10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16200-4

Anthony J., 2006, Cannabis Dependence: Its Nature, Consequences and Treatment, 58

10.1037/1064-1297.2.3.244

10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9410154110.x

10.1007/3-540-26573-2_24

10.1097/01.yco.0000218592.00689.e5

WHO.ATLAS on Substance Use (2010): Resources for the Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders. World Health Organization Geneva 2010.

Dutch National Alcohol and Drug Information System, 2004, Treatment demand of cannabis clients in outpatient addiction care in the Netherlands (1994–2001), LADIS Bull.

10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61138-0

10.1001/archinte.167.3.221

10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06006.x

10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00169.x

10.1001/jama.2011.1961

10.4081/monaldi.2005.645

10.1136/thx.2006.077081

10.1021/tx700275p

D.Tashkin. inThe Health Effects of Cannabis. (Eds: H. Kalant W. Corrigall W.D. Hall R. Smart) Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto 1999 pp.311–345.

10.1023/A:1018427320658

Zhang Z., 1999, Marijuana use and increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 8, 1071

10.1016/j.alcohol.2005.04.008

10.1001/archinte.166.13.1359

10.1097/JTO.0b013e31818ddcde

10.1183/09031936.00065707

10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0330

10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06004.x

10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06005.x

10.1161/01.CIR.103.23.2805

10.1016/j.ahj.2007.10.049

Gottschalk L., 1977, Effect of marijuana and placebo‐marijuana smoking on psychological state and on psychophysiological and cardiovascular functioning in angina patients, Biol. Psychiatry, 12, 255

10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03897.x

N.Solowij.Cannabis and Cognitive Functioning. Cambridge University Press Cambridge UK 1998.

10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00771-7

Solowij N., 2012, Marijuana and Madness, 91

10.1001/jama.287.9.1123

10.1212/01.WNL.0000031422.66442.49

10.1001/archpsyc.58.10.909

10.1073/pnas.1206820109

10.1038/mp.2011.82

10.1176/jnp.2006.18.3.318

10.1001/archpsyc.65.6.694

N.Solowij M.Yucel V.Lorenzetti D.Lubman.Marijuana and Madness (Eds: D. Castle R.M. Murray D.C. D'Souza). Cambridge University Press New York 2012 pp.103–113.

Lynskey M., 2000, The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: A review, Addiction, 96, 433

10.1177/002204269802800205

10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.008

10.1017/CBO9780511499777

10.1093/aje/155.10.918

10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.003

10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00280.x

10.1007/s10519-006-9064-9

10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01322.x

10.1080/09595230500126698

10.1001/jama.289.4.427

Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs.Cannabis: Classification and Public Health. Home Office London 2008.

10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92620-1

10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1199

10.1017/S0033291711002078

10.1093/aje/kwf043

10.1136/bmj.38267.664086.63

10.1017/S0033291702006402

10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1212

10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3

10.1016/S0376-8716(03)00064-4

10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01710.x

10.1017/S0033291706008440

10.1016/j.schres.2007.06.001

10.1371/journal.pmed.0020141

Gottesman I.I., 1991, Schizophrenia Genesis: The Origins of Madness

Degenhardt L., 2012, Marijuana and Madness, 114

10.1186/1471

10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03198.x

10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.06.002

10.3109/00952990.2012.694523

10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.014

Silberberg C., 2012, Marijuana and Madness, 129

10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.002

10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94811555.x

10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.02.002

10.1017/S003329179600462X

10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.09.009

10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02230.x

Slade D., 2012, Marijuana and Madness, 35

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Drug Testing and Analysis

Tập 6 Số 1-2

39-45

Thông tin tác giả