The Toyota Way – a quantitative approach
Tóm tắt
The purpose of this paper is to quantify Toyota's managerial values known as the Toyota Way to understand the cultural aspects of the Toyota production system (TPS).
The research methodology in this paper utilizes latent semantic analysis and singular value decomposition to analyze corporate memory documents to determine from organizational view how TPS is prescribed ideally to achieve Toyota's culture.
This work shows that the Toyota Way heavily centers on the principle of
Future work using latent semantic analysis should include a broader spectrum of literature on which to perform the analysis. This analysis is limited to developing theories about Toyota's culture but does not actually describe the culture that exist in the workplace.
This work provides a broad guideline with which to structure a lean culture. It provides the reader with knowledge of what parts of a corporate culture to deem the most significant. Improving upon each of these company values with the weighted significance elicited in this document could provide a positive impact within an organization.
The methodology used in this paper is a brand new, fledgling technique that could provide significant improvements in studying lean cultures. The concepts of this technique will be useful to researchers in this field and the results will be of value to management who wish to create a more efficient organization.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ajiferuke, M. and Boddewyn, J. (1970), “Culture and other explanatory variables in comparative management studies”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 13, pp. 153‐63.
Alderfer, C.P. and Smith, K.K. (1982), “Studying intergroup relations embedded in organizations”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 27, pp. 35‐65.
Badurdeen, F., Marksberry, P., Hall, A. and Gregory, B. (2008), “No instant prairie: planting lean to grow innovation”, International Journal of Collaborative Enterprise, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 22‐38, special issue: Technological Innovation.
Biddle, B. (1979), Role Theory: Expectations, Identities and Behaviors, Academic Press, New York, NY.
Cameron, K.S. (1992), “Cultural congruence, strength, and type: relationships to effectiveness”, paper presented at the Academy of Management 1989 Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
Chinese Culture Connection (a team of 24 researchers) (1987), “Chinese values and the search for culture‐free dimensions of culture”, Journal of Cross‐Cultural Psychology, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 143‐64.
Cho, F. (2001), The Toyota Way, Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Motor Institute, Toyota City.
Cho, F. (2005), “Lecture on “Mono‐zukuri and Hito‐zukuri”, paper presented at Toyota Vietnam Foundation, Hanoi, Vietnam, September 13, 2005 by Fujio Cho, Executive Vice Chairman, Toyota Motor Corporation (unpublished).
Clark, B.R. (1972), “The organizational saga in education”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 17, pp. 178‐84.
Craig, C.S. and Douglas, S.P. (2006), “Beyond national culture: implications of cultural dynamics for consumer research”, International Marketing Review, Vol. 23 No. 3, p. 322.
Garcia, E. (2006), “SVD and LSI tutorial 4: latent semantic indexing (LSU) how‐to calculations”, available at: www.miislita.com/information‐retrieval‐tutorial/svd‐lsi‐tutorial‐4‐lsi‐how‐to‐calculations.html (accessed 6 May 2010).
Golub, G. and Kahan, W. (1965), “Calculating the singular values and pseudo‐inverse of a matrix”, SIAM Numerical Analysis Series B, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 205‐24.
Gordon, G.G. (1985), “The relations of corporate culture to industry sector and corporate performance”, in Kilmann, R., Saxton, M.J., Serpa, R. and Associates (Eds), Gaining Control of the Corporate Culture, Jossey‐Bass, San Francisco, CA.
Gregory, K.L. (1983), “Native‐view paradigms: cultures and culture conflicts in organizations”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 28, pp. 359‐76.
Hicks, G. and Redding, G. (1983), “The story of the East Asian economic miracle”, Euro‐Asian Business Review, Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 24‐32.
Hofstede, G.H. (1994), “Management scientist are human”, Management Science, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 4‐13.
Hofstede, G.H. (2001), Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Katz, D. and Kahn, R. (1978), The Social Psychology of Organizations, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, NY.
Kilmann, R.H. and Saxton, M.J. (1983), Kilmann‐Saxton Gap Survey, Organization Design Consultants Incorporated, Pittsburgh, PA.
Kondo, Y. (1991), Human Motivation: A Key Factor for Management, 3A Corporation, Tokyo, edited by Y. Kondo; translated by J.H. Loftus.
Krober, A.L. and Kluckholn, C. (1952), “Culture: a critical review of concepts and definitions”, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology, Vol. 47, pp. 1‐223.
Landauer, T. (1998), “Learning and representing verbal meaning: the latent semantic analysis theory”, Current Directions is Psychological Science, Vol. 7 No. 5, pp. 161‐4.
Landauer, T. (2004), “From paragraph to graph: latent semantic analysis for information visualization”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 101, pp. 5214‐9 (Supplement 1).
Landauer, T. and Dumais, S. (1997), “A solution to Plato's problem: the latent semantic analysis theory of the acquisition, induction and representation of knowledge”, Psychological Review, Vol. 104, pp. 211‐40.
Lander, E. and Liker, J.K. (2007), “The Toyota production system and art: making highly customized and creative products the Toyota Way”, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 45 No. 16, pp. 3681‐98.
Liker, J.K. (2004), The Toyota Way, McGraw‐Hill, New York, NY.
Liker, J.K. and Hoseus, M. (2008), Toyota Culture, McGraw‐Hill, New York, NY.
Martin, J. (1992), Cultures in Organizations: Three Perspectives, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Martin, J., Sitkim, S. and Beohm, M. (1983), “Founders and elusiveness of a cultural legacy”, in Frost, P.J., Moore, L.F., Louis, M.R., Lundberg, C.C. and Martin, J. (Eds), Organizational Culture, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.
Ochi, W. (1981), Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge, Avon, New York, NY.
Sackmann, S.A. (1991), “Uncovering culture in organizations”, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 295‐317.
Sapienza, A.M. (1985), “Believing is seeing: how organizational culture influences the decisions top managers make”, in Kilmann, R., Saxton, M., Serpa, R. and Associates (Eds), Getting Control of the Corporate Culture, Jossey‐Bass, San Francisco, CA.
Schein, E.H. (1985), Organizational Culture and Leadership: A Dynamic View, Joseey‐Bass, San Francisco, CA.
Sugimori, Y., Kusunoki, K., Cho, F. and Uchikaw, S. (1977), “Toyota production system and Kanban system materialization of just‐in‐time and respect‐for‐human system”, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 15 No. 6, pp. 553‐654.
Trice, H.M. and Beyer, J.M. (1985), “Using six organizational rites to change culture”, in Kilmann, R.H., Saxton, M.J., Serpa, R. and Associates (Eds), Gaining Control of the Corporate Culture, Jossey‐Bass, San Franscisco, CA, pp. 370‐99.
Tunstall, W.B. (1983), “Cultural transition at AT&T”, Sloan Management Review, Fall, pp. 15‐26.
Tylor, E.B. (1881), Anthropology: An Introduction to the Study of Man and Civilization, D. Appleton, New York, NY.
Weiss, J.W. and Delbecq, A. (1987), “High‐technology cultures and management: Silicon Valley and Route 128”, Group & Organization Studies, Vol. 12, pp. 39‐54.
Wickham, M. and Parker, M. (2007), “Reconceptualising organizational role theory for contemporary organizational contexts”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 22 No. 5, p. 440.
Wolfe, M., Schreiner, M., Rehder, B., Laham, D., Foltz, P., Kintsch, W. and Landauer, T. (1998), “Learning from text: matching readers and texts by latent semantic analysis”, Discourse Processes, Vol. 25, pp. 309‐36.
Albright, R. (2004), “Taming text with the SVD”, unpublished draft, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, May 2010.
Atkinson, P. (2004), “The economics of culture change”, Management Services, Vol. 48 No. 11, pp. 8‐14.
Deerwester, S., Dumais, S., Furnas, G., Landauer, T. and Harshman, R. (1990), “Indexing by latent semantic analysis”, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 41, pp. 391‐407.
Grossman, D. and Frieder, O. (2004), Information Retrieval: Algorithms and Heuristics, 2nd ed., Springer, Berlin.
Kaida, N. (2008), “Spreading the ‘Toyota Way’ worldwide”, Economy, Culture & History Japan Spotlight, Vol. 27 No. 2, pp. 20‐1.
Levine, E., Ash, R., Hall, H. and Sistrunk, F. (1983), “Evaluation of job analysis methods by experienced job analysts”, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 339‐48.
Phillips, M.E. (1990), “Industry as cultural grouping”, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Graduate School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
Robison, J. (2007), “Can the Toyota Way be transplanted?”, Gallup Management Journal, available at: http://gmj.gallup.com/content/28579/can‐the‐toyota‐way‐be‐transplanted.aspx (accessed 13 September 2007).
Saruta, M. (2006), “Toyota production systems: the ‘Toyota Way’ and labour‐management relations”, Asian Business & Management, Vol. 5 No. 4, p. 487.
Stewart, T.A. and Raman, A.P. (2007), “Lessons from Toyota's long drive”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 85 Nos 7/8, pp. 74‐83.
Vinton, K. (1983), “Humor in the work‐place: it's more than telling jokes”, paper presented at the Western Academy of Management, Santa Barbara, CA.