The Short-term Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers to the Poor: Experimental Evidence from Kenya*

Aggarwal, 2006, “Inflammation and Cancer: How Hot Is the Link?,”, Biochemical Pharmacology, 72, 1605, 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.06.029

Aizer, 2016, “The Long-Run Impact of Cash Transfers to Poor Families,”, American Economic Review, 106, 935, 10.1257/aer.20140529

Aker, 2015, “Comparing Cash and Voucher Transfers in a Humanitarian Context: Evidence from the Democratic Republic of Congo,”, World Bank Economic Review, 10.1093/wber/lhv055

Aker, 2016, “Payment Mechanisms and Anti-Poverty Programs: Evidence from a Mobile Money Cash Transfer Experiment in Niger,”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 65, 1, 10.1086/687578

Akresh, 2013

Anderson, 2008, “Multiple Inference and Gender Differences in the Effects of Early Intervention: A Reevaluation of the Abecedarian, Perry Preschool, and Early Training Projects,”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 103, 1481, 10.1198/016214508000000841

Angelucci, 2009, “Indirect Effects of an Aid Program: How Do Cash Transfers Affect Ineligibles’ Consumption?,”, American Economic Review, 99, 486, 10.1257/aer.99.1.486

Angrist, 1996, “Identification of Causal Effects Using Instrumental Variables,”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91, 444, 10.1080/01621459.1996.10476902

Ardington, 2009, “Labor Supply Responses to Large Social Transfers: Longitudinal Evidence from South Africa,”, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1, 22

Ashraf, 2006, “Tying Odysseus to the Mast: Evidence from a Commitment Savings Product in the Philippines,”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121, 635, 10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.635

Attanasio, 2006, “The Impact of a Conditional Cash Transfer Programme on Consumption in Colombia,”, Fiscal Studies, 27, 421, 10.1111/j.1475-5890.2006.00041.x

Baird, 2013, “Income Shocks and Adolescent Mental Health,”, Journal of Human Resources, 48, 370, 10.1353/jhr.2013.0014

Baird, 2012, “Effect of a Cash Transfer Programme for Schooling on Prevalence of HIV and Herpes Simplex Type 2 in Malawi: A Cluster Randomised Trial,”, Lancet, 379, 1320, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61709-1

Baird, 2011, “Cash or Condition? Evidence from a Cash Transfer Experiment,”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126, 1709, 10.1093/qje/qjr032

Baird, 2012, “Examining the Reliability of Self-Reported Data on School Participation,”, Journal of Development Economics, 98, 89, 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.05.006

Bandiera, 2013

Banerjee, 2015, “A Multifaceted Program Causes Lasting Progress for the Very Poor: Evidence from Six Countries,”, Science, 348, 1260799, 10.1126/science.1260799

Banerjee, 2015

Barham, 2013

Barrera-Osorio, 2008

Benhassine, 2013

Blattman, 2014, “Generating Skilled Employment in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from Uganda,”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129, 697, 10.1093/qje/qjt057

Blattman, 2015

Bleakley

Bobonis, 2013, “Public Transfers and Domestic Violence: The Roles of Private Information and Spousal Control,”, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 5, 179

Browning, 1998, “Efficient Intra-Household Allocations: A General Characterization and Empirical Tests,”, Econometrica, 66, 1241, 10.2307/2999616

Brune, 2015, “Facilitating Savings for Agriculture: Field Experimental Evidence from Malawi,”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 64, 187, 10.1086/684014

Burbidge, 1988, “Alternative Transformations to Handle Extreme Values of the Dependent Variable,”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 123, 10.1080/01621459.1988.10478575

Cameron, 2011, “Robust Inference with Multiway Clustering,”, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 29, 238, 10.1198/jbes.2010.07136

Casey, 2012, “Reshaping Institutions: Evidence on Aid Impacts Using a Preanalysis Plan,”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127, 1755, 10.1093/qje/qje027

Cesarini, 2015

Cesarini, 2016, “Estimating the Causal Impact Of Wealth on Health: Evidence from the Swedish Lottery Players,”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 10.1093/qje/qjw001

Chang, 2015, “Is Economics Research Replicable? Sixty Published Papers from Thirteen Journals Say ‘Usually Not’,”

Chemin

Cohen, 1983, “A Global Measure of Perceived Stress,”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385, 10.2307/2136404

Coussens, 2002, “Inflammation and Cancer,”, Nature, 420, 860, 10.1038/nature01322

Cunha, 2014, “Testing Paternalism: Cash versus In-Kind Transfers,”, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 6, 195

Currie, 2008, “Transfers in Cash and in Kind: Theory Meets the Data,”, Journal of Economic Literature, 46, 333, 10.1257/jel.46.2.333

Deaton, 1996, “The Demand for Food and Calories,”, Journal of Political Economy, 104, 133, 10.1086/262020

de Chaisemartin

De Mel, 2008, “Returns to Capital in Microenterprises: Evidence from a Field Experiment,”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123, 1329, 10.1162/qjec.2008.123.4.1329

De Mel, 2012, “One-Time Transfers of Cash or Capital Have Long-Lasting Effects on Microenterprises in Sri Lanka,”, Science, 335, 962, 10.1126/science.1212973

Devoto, 2012, “Happiness on Tap: Piped Water Adoption in Urban Morocco,”, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4, 68

Doss, 1996, “Testing among Models of Intrahousehold Resource Allocation,”, World Development, 24, 1597, 10.1016/0305-750X(96)00063-0

Duflo, 2003, “Grandmothers and Granddaughters: Old-Age Pensions and Intrahousehold Allocation in South Africa,”, World Bank Economic Review, 17, 1, 10.1093/wber/lhg013

Duflo, 2007, Handbook of Development Economics

Duflo, 2004

Dupas, 2013, “Savings Constraints and Microenterprise: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya,”, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 5, 163

Dupas, 2013, “Why Don’t the Poor Save More? Evidence from Health Savings Experiments,”, American Economic Review, 103, 1138, 10.1257/aer.103.4.1138

Edmonds, 2006, “Child Labor and Schooling Responses to Anticipated Income in South Africa,”, Journal of Development Economics, 81, 386, 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.05.001

Edmonds, 2012, “Poverty Alleviation and Child Labor,”, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4, 100

Efron, 1993, An Introduction to the Bootstrap, 10.1007/978-1-4899-4541-9

Fafchamps, 2011

Fafchamps

Fernald, 2009, “Effects of a Poverty-Alleviation Intervention on Salivary Cortisol in Very Low-Income Children,”, Social Science & Medicine, 68, 2180, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.032

Ferracuti, 1994, “Quantitative EEG Modifications during the Cold Water Pressor Test: Hemispheric and Hand Differences,”, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 17, 261, 10.1016/0167-8760(94)90068-X

Ferreira, 2009

Filmer, 2009

Finkelstein, 2012, “The Oregon Health Insurance Experiment: Evidence from the First Year,”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 95, 1668

Friedman, 1957, Theory of the Consumption Function, 10.1515/9780691188485

Gertler, 2012, “Investing Cash Transfers to Raise Long-Term Living Standards,”, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 4, 164

Ghosal, 2013

Goldstein, 13, 2013, “Is it Nuts to Give to the Poor without Strings Attached?,”, New York Times

Hammen, 2005, “Stress and Depression,”, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 293, 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938

Haushofer, 2014, “On the Psychology of Poverty,”, Science, 344, 862, 10.1126/science.1232491

Haushofer, 2015

Hidrobo, 2016, “The Effect of Cash, Vouchers, and Food Transfers on Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Northern Ecuador,”, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8, 284

Hoddinott, 1995, “Does Female Income Share Influence Household Expenditures? Evidence from Côte d’Ivoire,”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 57, 77, 10.1111/j.1468-0084.1995.tb00028.x

Holsboer, 2000, “The Corticosteroid Receptor Hypothesis of Depression,”, Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 477, 10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00159-7

Horowitz, 1995, “Identification and Robustness with Contaminated and Corrupted Data,”, Econometrica, 63, 281, 10.2307/2951627

Horton, 1999, “Time to Register for Randomized Trials,”, British Medical Journal, 319, 865, 10.1136/bmj.319.7214.865

Jack, 2014, “Risk Sharing and Transactions Costs: Evidence from Kenya’s Mobile Money Revolution,”, American Economic Review, 104, 183, 10.1257/aer.104.1.183

Jones, 1996, “Indicator and Stratification Methods for Missing Explanatory Variables in Multiple Linear Regression,”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91, 222, 10.1080/01621459.1996.10476680

Kiecolt-Glaser, 2003, “Chronic Stress and Age-Related Increases in the Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-6,”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 9090, 10.1073/pnas.1531903100

Kirschbaum, 1989, “Salivary Cortisol in Psychobiological Research: An Overview,”, Neuropsychobiology, 22, 150, 10.1159/000118611

Kirschbaum, 1993, “Attenuated Cortisol Response to Psychological Stress but Not to CRH or Ergometry in Young Habitual Smokers,”, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 44, 527, 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90162-M

Kling, 2007, “Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects,”, Econometrica, 75, 83, 10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00733.x

Knorr, 2010, “Salivary Cortisol in Depressed Patients versus Control Persons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,”, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 1275, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.04.001

Kuhn, 2011, “The Effects of Lottery Prizes on Winners and Their Neighbors: Evidence from the Dutch Postcode Lottery,”, American Economic Review, 101, 2226, 10.1257/aer.101.5.2226

Lee, 2009, “Training, Wages, and Sample Selection: Estimating Sharp Bounds on Treatment Effects,”, Review of Economic Studies, 76, 1071, 10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00536.x

Lund, 2011, “Poverty and Mental Disorders: Breaking the Cycle in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries,”, Lancet, 378, 1502, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60754-X

Lundberg, 1997, “Do Husbands and Wives Pool Their Resources? Evidence from the United Kingdom Child Benefit,”, Journal of Human Resources, 32, 463, 10.2307/146179

MacKinnon, 1990, “Transforming the Dependent Variable in Regression Models,”, International Economic Review, 31, 315, 10.2307/2526842

Macours, 2012, “Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment,”, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 4, 247

Maluccio, 2010, “The Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on Consumption and Investment in Nicaragua,”, Journal of Development Studies, 46, 14, 10.1080/00220380903197952

Maluccio, 2005

Maluccio, 2010, “Does Supply Matter? Initial Schooling Conditions and the Effectiveness of Conditional Cash Transfers for Grade Progression in Nicaragua,”, Journal of Development Effectiveness, 2, 87, 10.1080/19439340903584085

McKenzie, 2012, “Beyond Baseline and Follow-Up: The Case for More T in Experiments,”, Journal of Development Economics, 99, 210, 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.01.002

McKenzie, 2015

Mendolia, 2014, “The Impact of Husband’s Job Loss on Partner’s Mental Health,”, Review of Economics of the Household, 12, 277, 10.1007/s11150-012-9149-6

Modigliani, 1954, Post-Keynesian Economics

Oswald, 2009

Ozer, 2011, “Does Alleviating Poverty Affect Mothers’ Depressive Symptoms? A Quasi-Experimental Investigation of Mexico’s Oportunidades Programme,”, International Journal of Epidemiology, 40, 1565, 10.1093/ije/dyr103

Paxson, 2010, “Does Money Matter? The Effects of Cash Transfers on Child Development in Rural Ecuador,”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 59, 187, 10.1086/655458

Pence, 2006, “The Role of Wealth Transformations: An Application to Estimating the Effect of Tax Incentives on Saving,”, Contributions to Economic Analysis and Policy, 5, 1

Pepper, 2002, “Robust Inferences from Random Clustered Samples: An Application Using Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics,”, Economics Letters, 75, 341, 10.1016/S0165-1765(02)00010-1

Posel, 2006, “Labour Migration and Households: A Reconsideration of the Effects of the Social Pension on Labour Supply in South Africa,”, Economic Modelling, 23, 836, 10.1016/j.econmod.2005.10.010

Radloff, 1977, “The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population,”, Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385, 10.1177/014662167700100306

Rosenberg, 1965, Society and the Adolescent Self-Image, 10.1515/9781400876136

Rosenthal, 1979, “The File Drawer Problem and Tolerance for Null Results,”, Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638, 10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638

Rosero, 2011

Ross, 1999, “Atherosclerosis An Inflammatory Disease,”, New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 115, 10.1056/NEJM199901143400207

Rotter, 1966, “Generalized Expectancies for Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement,”, Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80, 1, 10.1037/h0092976

Sadoulet, 2001, “Cash Transfer Programs with Income Multipliers: PROCAMPO in Mexico,”, World Development, 29, 1043, 10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00018-3

Schady, 2008, “Are Cash Transfers Made to Women Spent Like Other Sources of Income?,”, Economics Letters, 101, 246, 10.1016/j.econlet.2008.08.015

Scheier, 1994, “Distinguishing Optimism from Neuroticism (and Trait Anxiety, Self-Mastery, and Self-Esteem), A Reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test,”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063, 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063

Simes, 1986, “Publication Bias: The Case for and International Registry of Clinical Trials,”, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 4, 1529, 10.1200/JCO.1986.4.10.1529

Skoufias, 2013, “The Poverty Impacts of Cash and In-Kind Transfers: Experimental Evidence from Rural Mexico,”, Journal of Development Effectiveness, 5, 401, 10.1080/19439342.2013.843578

Ssewamala, 2009, “Asset Ownership and Health and Mental Health Functioning among AIDS-Orphaned Adolescents: Findings from a Randomized Clinical Trial in Rural Uganda,”, Social Science & Medicine, 69, 191, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.019

Ssewamala, 2012, “The Impact of a Comprehensive Microfinance Intervention on Depression Levels of AIDS-Orphaned Children in Uganda,”, Journal of Adolescent Health, 50, 346, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.08.008

Steptoe, 2002, “Stress Responsivity and Socioeconomic Status: A Mechanism for Increased Cardiovascular Disease Risk?,”, European Heart Journal, 23, 1757, 10.1053/euhj.2001.3233

Steptoe, 2001, “Acute Mental Stress Elicits Delayed Increases in Circulating Inflammatory Cytokine Levels,”, Clinical Science, 101, 185, 10.1042/cs1010185

Straub, 2006, “Bottom-Up and Top-Down Signaling of IL-6 with and without Habituation?,”, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 20, 37, 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.06.009

Thomas, 1990, “Intra-Household Resource Allocation: An Inferential Approach,”, Journal of Human Resources, 25, 635, 10.2307/145670

Townsend, 1994, “Risk and Insurance in Village India,”, Econometrica, 62, 539, 10.2307/2951659

Westfall, 1993, “On Adjusting P-Values for Multiplicity,”, Biometrics, 49, 941, 10.2307/2532216

Wilckens, 1995, “Glucocorticoids and Immune Function: Physiological Relevance and Pathogenic Potential of Hormonal Dysfunction,”, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 16, 193, 10.1016/S0165-6147(00)89021-5

Zwane, 2011, “Being Surveyed Can Change Later Behavior and Related Parameter Estimates,”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 1821, 10.1073/pnas.1000776108