The Roles of Mental Animations and External Animations in Understanding Mechanical Systems

Baggett, W. B. & Graesser, A. C. (1995). Question answering in the context of illustrated expository text. In Cognitive Science Society (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 334-339). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Britton, B. K. & Graesser, A. C. (Eds.). (1996). Models of understanding text. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Card, S., Mackinlay, J. & Schneiderman, B. (1999). Readings in information visualization: Using vision to think. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufman.

10.1016/0364-0213(94)90016-7

Chumley-Jones H. S., 2002, Academic Medicine, 77, 86, 10.1097/00001888-200210001-00028

Ekstrom, R. B., French, J. W., Harman, H. H. & Derman, D. (1976). Kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

Faraday, P. & Sutcliffe, A. (1996). An empirical study of attending and comprehending multimedia presentations. In W. Hall and T. C. Little (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Multimedia (pp. 265-275). New York: ACM Press.

Faraday, P. & Sutcliffe, A. (1997). Designing effective multimedia presentations. Proceedings of the ACM CHI '97, USA, 272-278.

Ferguson, E. S. (1992). Engineering and the mind's eye. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

10.1126/science.278.5339.827

Gordin D. N., 1995, The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 4, 249, 10.1207/s15327809jls0403_1

10.1037//0278-7393.18.5.1084

10.1006/jmla.1993.1036

Hegarty, M. & Kozhevnikov, M. (1999). Spatial abilities, working memory and mechanical reasoning. In J. Gero & B. Tversky (Eds.), Visual and spatial reasoning in design (pp. 221-239). Sydney, Australia: Key Centre of Design and Cognition.

Hegarty, M., Narayanan, N. H. & Freitas, P. (2002). Understanding machines from multimedia and hypermedia presentations. In J. Otero, A. C. Graesser, & J. Leon (Eds.), The psychology of science text comprehension (pp. 357-384). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Hegarty M., 1999, Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 8, 119

Hegarty M., 1994, Memory and Cognition, 22, 411, 10.3758/BF03200867

10.1016/S1041-6080(97)90018-2

Heiser, J. & Tversky, B. (2002). Diagrams and descriptions in acquiring complex systems. In W. D. Gray & C. D. Schunn (Eds.), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 447-452). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

10.1037//0096-1523.21.6.1391

10.1037//0278-7393.11.1-4.795

10.1037//0096-1523.18.3.669

Kintsch, W., Britton, B. K., Fletcher, C. R., Mannes, S. M. & Nathan, M. J. (1993). A comprehension-based approach to learning and understanding. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 30, pp. 165-214). New York: Academic Press.

Kriz, S. & Hegarty, M. (2003, August). Staring into space: Evaluating mechanical motion, mental animation and eye movements. Paper presented at the Twelth European Conference on Eye Movements, Dundee, UK.

Larkin J. H., 1987, Cognitive Science, 11, 65, 10.1111/j.1551-6708.1987.tb00863.x

Lowe R. K., 1999, European Journal of Psychology of Education, 14, 225, 10.1007/BF03172967

Macaulay, D. (1998). The new way things work [CD-ROM]. New York: DK Interactive Learning.

Mayer R. E., 1997, Educational Psychologist, 32, 1, 10.1207/s15326985ep3201_1

10.1037//0022-0663.82.4.715

10.1037//0022-0663.90.3.414

10.1037//0022-0663.86.3.389

McNamara D. S., 1996, Cognition and Instruction, 14, 1, 10.1207/s1532690xci1401_1

Miyake N., 1986, Cognitive Science, 10, 151, 10.1207/s15516709cog1002_2

10.1037//0022-0663.87.2.319

10.1006/ijhc.1997.0169

Narayanan, N. H. & Hegarty, M. (2002). Multimedia design for communication of dynamic information. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 57, 279-315.

Narayanan, N. H., Suwa, M. & Motoda, H. (1994). A study of diagrammatic reasoning from verbal and gestural data. In A. Ram & K. Eiselt (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 652-657). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Narayanan, N. H., Suwa, M. & Motoda, H. (1995). Diagram-based problem solving: The case of an impossible problem. In Cognitive Science Society (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 206-211). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00060-3

Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. New York: Oxford University Press.

Palmiter, S. L. & Elkerton, J. (1993). Animated demonstrations for learning procedural computer-based tasks. Human-Computer Interaction, 8, 193-216.

Palmiter, S. L., Elkerton, J. & Baggett, P. (1991). Animated demonstrations vs. written instructions for learning procedural tasks: A preliminary investigation. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 34, 687-701.

Pane, J. F., Corbett, A. T. & John, B. E. (1996). Assessing dynamics in computer-based instruction. In M. J. Tauber (Ed.), Proceedings of the ACM conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 797-804). New York: ACM Press.

Park O. C., 1992, Research and Development, 40, 125

Rieber L. P., 1989, Journal of Educational Computing Research, 5, 431, 10.2190/961X-QQEQ-7PVK-UK9E

10.1037//0022-0663.82.1.135

10.1037//0022-0663.83.3.318

Rieber L. P., 1988, Computers in the Schools, 5, 77, 10.1300/J025v05n01_07

10.1016/S0364-0213(02)00078-2

Scaife, M. & Rogers, Y. (1996). External cognition: How do graphical representations work? International journal of Human-Computer Studies, 45, 185-213.

10.1016/S0364-0213(99)80012-3

Schwartz D. L., 1998, Cognition and Instruction, 16, 475, 10.1207/s1532690xci1604_4

Sims V. K., 1997, Memory and Cognition, 25, 321, 10.3758/BF03211288

10.1037//0278-7393.4.6.592

10.1037//1076-898X.3.4.257

Tufte, E. R. (1997). Visual explanations: Images and quantities, evidence and narrative. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.

Tversky, B., Morrison, J. B. & Betrancourt, M. (2002). Animation: Can it facilitate? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 57, 247-262.

Van Matre N., 1993, Instructional Science, 21, 295, 10.1007/BF00128497

Zacks J. M., 2001, Psychological Bulletin, 27, 3, 10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.3