Gia đình NOX của các NADPH Oxidase sinh ra ROS: Sinh lý và Bệnh lý
Tóm tắt
Trong một thời gian dài, việc sinh ra siêu oxit bởi một NADPH oxidase được coi là một hiện tượng kỳ lạ chỉ xuất hiện ở các tế bào thực bào chuyên nghiệp. Trong những năm gần đây, sáu đồng yếu tố của tiểu đơn vị cytochrome của NADPH oxidase ở tế bào thực bào đã được phát hiện: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1 và DUOX2. Cùng với NADPH oxidase ở tế bào thực bào (NOX2/gp91phox), các đồng yếu tố này giờ đây được gọi chung là gia đình NOX của các NADPH oxidase. Những enzyme này có khả năng truyền điện tử qua màng tế bào và sinh ra siêu oxit cũng như các loại oxy phản ứng (ROS) khác. Cơ chế kích hoạt và phân bố mô của các thành viên khác nhau trong gia đình có sự khác biệt rõ rệt. Chức năng sinh lý của các enzyme NOX bao gồm phòng thủ chống lại tác nhân gây bệnh, xử lý hậu chuyển gải của protein, tín hiệu tế bào, điều hòa biểu hiện gen và sự biệt hóa tế bào. Các enzyme NOX cũng góp phần vào một loạt các quá trình bệnh lý. Suy giảm NOX có thể dẫn đến tình trạng ức chế miễn dịch, thiếu otoconogenesis, hoặc suy giáp. Hoạt động tăng cường NOX cũng đóng góp vào một số lượng lớn các bệnh lý, đặc biệt là các bệnh tim mạch và thoái hóa thần kinh. Bài tổng quan này tóm tắt trạng thái hiện tại của kiến thức về chức năng của các enzyme NOX trong sinh lý học và bệnh học.
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