The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS)

Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hämäläinen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, Salminen V, Uusitupa M: Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 344:1343–1350, 2001

The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group: Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346:393–403, 2002

The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group: The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP): description of lifestyle intervention. Diabetes Care 25:2165–2171, 2002

World Health Organization: Diabetes Mellitus: Report of a WHO Study Group. Geneva, World Health Org., 1985 (Tech. Rep. Ser., no. 727)

Eriksson J, Lindström J, Valle T, Aunola S, Hämäläinen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Lauhkonen M, Lehto P, Lehtonen A, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, Martikkala V, Rastas M, Sundvall J, Turpeinen A, Viljanen T, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J: Prevention of type II diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) in Finland: study design and 1-year interim report on the feasibility of the lifestyle intervention programme. Diabetologia 42:793–801, 1999

Ohlson LO, Larsson B, Svardsudd K, Welin L, Eriksson H, Wilhelmsen L, Björntorp P, Tibblin G: The influence of body fat distribution on the incidence of diabetes mellitus: 13.5 years of follow-up of the participants in the study of men born in 1913. Diabetes 34:1055–1058, 1985

Ohlson LO, Larsson B, Björntorp P, Eriksson H, Svardsudd K, Welin L, Tibblin G, Wilhelmsen L: Risk factors for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: thirteen and one-half years of follow-up of the participants in a study of Swedish men born in 1913. Diabetologia 31:798–805, 1988

Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Arky RA, Speizer FE: Weight as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol 132:501–513, 1990

Cassano PA, Rosner B, Vokonas PS, Weiss ST: Obesity and body fat distribution in relation to the incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study of men in the normative aging study. Am J Epidemiol 136:1474–1486, 1992

Eriksson KF, Lindgärde F: Prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise: the 6-year Malmo feasibility study. Diabetologia 34:891–898, 1991

Eriksson J, Tuominen J, Valle T, Sundberg S, Sovijärvi A, Lindholm H, Tuomilehto J, Koivisto V: Aerobic endurance exercise or circuit-type resistance training for individuals with impaired glucose tolerance? Horm Metab Res 30:37–41, 1998

Sarkkinen E, Schwab U, Niskanen L, Hannuksela M, Savolainen M, Kervinen K, Kesäniemi A, Uusitupa MI: The effects of monounsaturated-fat enriched diet and polyunsaturated-fat enriched diet on lipid and glucose metabolism in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Eur J Clin Nutr 50:592–598, 1996

Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC: In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol 47:1102–1114, 1992

Haapa E, Toponen T, Pietinen P, Räsänen L: Annoskuvakirja. Helsinki, Finland, Painokaari Oy, 1985

Ovaskainen M-L, Valsta L, Lauronen J: The compilation of food analysis values as a database for dietary studies: the Finnish experience. Food Chemistry 57:133–136, 1996

Lakka TA, Venäläinen JM, Rauramaa R, Salonen R, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT: Relation of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the risk of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 330:1549–1554, 1994

Lakka TA, Salonen JT: Intra-person variability of various physical activity assessments in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Int J Epidemiol 21:467–472, 1992

Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, Wang JX, Yang WY, An ZX, Hu ZX, Lin J, Xiao JZ, Cao HB, Liu PA, Jiang XG, Jiang YY, Wang JP, Zheng H, Zhang H, Bennett PH, Howard BV: Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 20:537–544, 1997

Swinburn BA, Metcalf PA, Ley SJ: Long-term (5-year) effects of a reduced-fat diet intervention in individuals with glucose intolerance. Diabetes Care 24:619–624, 2001

Poppitt SD, Keogh GF, Prentice AM, Williams DE, Sonnemans HM, Valk EE, Robinson E, Wareham NJ: Long-term effects of ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on body weight and serum lipids in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 75:11–20, 2002

Mensink M, Feskens EJ, Saris WH, De Bruin TW, Blaak EE: Study on Lifestyle Intervention and Impaired Glucose Tolerance Maastricht (SLIM): preliminary results after one year. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27:377–384, 2003

The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group: Costs associated with the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care 26:36–47, 2003

Astrup A, Rössner S: Lessons from obesity management programmes: greater initial weight loss improves long-term maintenance. Obes Rev 1:17–19, 2000

Kelley DE, Wing R, Buonocore C, Sturis J, Polonsky K, Fitzsimmons M: Relative effects of calorie restriction and weight loss in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Metab 77:1287–1293, 1993

Wing RR, Blair EH, Bononi P, Marcus MD, Watanabe R, Bergman RN: Caloric restriction per se is a significant factor in improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity during weight loss in obese NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 17:30–36, 1994

Livingstone MBE, Black AE: Markers of the validity of reported energy intake (Review). J Nutr 133(Suppl. 3):895S–920S, 2003

Black AE, Cole TJ: Biased over- or under-reporting is characteristic of individuals whether over time or by different assessment methods. J Am Diet Assoc 101:70–80, 2001