The Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline

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Storr, 2004, Clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and molecular studies in paediatric Cushing's syndrome due to primary nodular adrenocortical hyperplasia., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 61, 553, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02124.x

Magiakou, 1994, Final stature in patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 79, 1082

Samaras, 2005, Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome with osteoporosis and secondary adrenal failure in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids and ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors: six cases., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 4394, 10.1210/jc.2005-0036

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Catargi, 2003, Occult Cushing's syndrome in type-2 diabetes., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 5808, 10.1210/jc.2003-030254

Reimondo, 2007, Screening of Cushing's syndrome in adult patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 67, 225, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02865.x

Ness-Abramof, 2002, Overnight dexamethasone suppression test: a reliable screen for Cushing's syndrome in the obese., Obes Res, 10, 1217, 10.1038/oby.2002.166

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Klose, 2007, Factors influencing the adrenocorticotropin test: role of contemporary cortisol assays, body composition, and oral contraceptive agents., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92, 1326, 10.1210/jc.2006-1791

Findling, 1998, Pseudohypercortisoluria: spurious elevation of urinary cortisol due to carbamazepine., Endocrinologist, 8, 51, 10.1097/00019616-199803000-00001

Meikle, 2003, Pseudo-Cushing syndrome caused by fenofibrate interference with urinary cortisol assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 3521, 10.1210/jc.2003-030234

Lin, 1997, Urinary free cortisol and cortisone determined by high performance liquid chromatography in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82, 151

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Nickelsen, 1989, The dexamethasone suppression test and long-term contraceptive treatment: measurement of ACTH or salivary cortisol does not improve the reliability of the test., Exp Clin Endocrinol, 94, 275, 10.1055/s-0029-1210910

Qureshi, 2007, The influence of the route of oestrogen administration on serum levels of cortisol-binding globulin and total cortisol., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 66, 632, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02784.x

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Kyriazopoulou, 1992, Abnormal overnight dexamethasone suppression test in subjects receiving rifampicin therapy., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75, 315

Meikle, 1982, Dexamethasone suppression tests: usefulness of simultaneous measurement of plasma cortisol and dexamethasone., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 16, 401, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1982.tb00733.x

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Glass, 1984, Circadian rhythm of serum cortisol in Cushing's disease., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 59, 161, 10.1210/jcem-59-1-161

Refetoff, 1985, The effect of dexamethasone on the 24-hour profiles of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol in Cushing's syndrome., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 60, 527, 10.1210/jcem-60-3-527

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Castro, 1999, Out-patient screening for Cushing's syndrome: the sensitivity of the combination of circadian rhythm and overnight dexamethasone suppression salivary cortisol tests., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 878

Laudat, 1988, Salivary cortisol measurement: a practical approach to assess pituitary-adrenal function., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 66, 343, 10.1210/jcem-66-2-343

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Papanicolaou, 2002, Nighttime salivary cortisol: a useful test for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 4515, 10.1210/jc.2002-020534

Putignano, 2003, Midnight salivary cortisol versus urinary free and midnight serum cortisol as screening tests for Cushing's syndrome., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 4153, 10.1210/jc.2003-030312

Raff, 1998, Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing's syndrome., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 2681

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Viardot, 2005, Reproducibility of nighttime salivary cortisol and its use in the diagnosis of hypercortisolism compared with urinary free cortisol and overnight dexamethasone suppression test., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 5730, 10.1210/jc.2004-2264

Yaneva, 2004, Midnight salivary cortisol for the initial diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome of various causes., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 3345, 10.1210/jc.2003-031790

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Liu, 2005, Elevated late-night salivary cortisol levels in elderly male type 2 diabetic veterans., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 63, 642, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02395.x

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Cronin, 1990, The overnight dexamethasone test is a worthwhile screening procedure., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 33, 27, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00462.x

Invitti, 1999, Diagnosis and management of Cushing's syndrome: results of an Italian multicentre study. Study Group of the Italian Society of Endocrinology on the Pathophysiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 440

Findling, 2004, The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test: a reevaluation in patients with Cushing's syndrome., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 1222, 10.1210/jc.2003-030207

Gorges, 1999, Diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: re-evaluation of midnight plasma cortisol vs urinary free cortisol and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in a large patient group., J Endocrinol Invest, 22, 241, 10.1007/BF03343551

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Kennedy, 1984, Serum cortisol concentrations during low dose dexamethasone suppression test to screen for Cushing's syndrome., Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 289, 1188, 10.1136/bmj.289.6453.1188

Magiakou, 1994, Cushing's syndrome in children and adolescents. Presentation, diagnosis, and therapy., N Engl J Med, 331, 629, 10.1056/NEJM199409083311002

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Martin, 2006, Comparison of the dexamethasone-suppressed corticotropin-releasing hormone test and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91, 2582, 10.1210/jc.2005-2143

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Yanovski, 1998, The dexamethasone-suppressed corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test differentiates mild Cushing's disease from normal physiology., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 348

Meinardi, 2007, Cyclic Cushing's syndrome: a clinical challenge., Eur J Endocrinol, 157, 245, 10.1530/EJE-07-0262

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Nieman, 1989, The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test is superior to the human CRH stimulation test for the diagnosis of Cushing's disease., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 69, 165, 10.1210/jcem-69-1-165

Newell-Price, 1995, A single sleeping midnight cortisol has 100% sensitivity for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 43, 545, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02918.x

Ma, 2005, Carbamazepine and false positive dexamethasone suppression tests for Cushing's syndrome., BMJ, 330, 299, 10.1136/bmj.330.7486.299

Papanicolaou, 1998, A single midnight serum cortisol measurement distinguishes Cushing's syndrome from pseudo-Cushing states., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 1163

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Putignano, 2003, Screening for Cushing's syndrome in obese women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome., J Endocrinol Invest, 26, 539, 10.1007/BF03345217

Reimondo, 2005, Evaluation of the effectiveness of midnight serum cortisol in the diagnostic procedures for Cushing's syndrome., Eur J Endocrinol, 153, 803, 10.1530/eje.1.02042

Moro, 2000, The desmopressin test in the differential diagnosis between Cushing's disease and pseudo-Cushing states., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 3569

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