The Depressive Attributions Questionnaire (DAQ): Development of a Short Self-Report Measure of Depressogenic Attributions

Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49–74. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49 .

Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: a theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358–372. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358 .

Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., Hogan, M. E., Whitehouse, W. G., Cornette, M., Akhavan, S., et al. (1998). Suicidality and cognitive vulnerability to depression among college students: a prospective study. Journal of Adolescence, 21, 473–487. doi: 10.1006/jado.1998.0167 .

Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Whitehouse, W. G., Hogan, M. E., Panzarella, C., & Rose, D. T. (2006). Prospective incidence of first onsets and recurrences of depression in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 145–156. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.145 .

Anderson, C. A., & Riger, A. L. (1991). A controllability attributional model of problems in living: dimensional and situational interactions in the prediction of depression and loneliness. Social Cognition, 9(2), 149–181.

Arnarson, E., & Craighead, W. E. (2009). Prevention of depression among Icelandic adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 577–585. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.03.011 .

Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row.

Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1987). Beck Depression Inventory: Manual. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1988). Manual for the Beck Hopelessness Scale. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.

Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.

Bruder-Mattson, S. F., & Hovanitz, C. A. (1990). Coping and attributional styles as predictors of depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 557–565. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(199009)46:5<557::aid-jclp2270460503>3.0.co;2-1

Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309 .

Crawford, J. R., Parker, D. M., Allan, K. M., Jack, A. M., & Morrison, F. M. (1991). The Short NART: cross-validation, relationship to IQ and some practical considerations. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30(3), 223–229.

DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and application. Newbury Park: Sage.

Dykema, J., Bergbower, K., Doctora, J. D., & Peterson, C. (1996). An attributional style questionnaire for general use. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 14, 100–108. doi: 10.1177/073428299601400201 .

Feather, N. T., & Tiggemann, M. (1984). A balanced measure of attributional style. Australian Journal of Psychology, 36, 276–283. doi: 10.1080/00049538408255096 .

First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1996). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.

Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment, 9, 445–451. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445 .

Gibb, B. E., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Rose, D. T., Whitehouse, W. G., & Hogan, M. E. (2001). Childhood maltreatment and college students’ current suicidal ideation: a test of the hopelessness theory. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 31, 405–415. doi: 10.1521/suli.31.4.405.22042 .

Gladstone, T. R., & Kaslow, N. J. (1995). Depression and attributions in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 23, 597–606. doi: 10.1007/BF01447664 .

Haeffel, G. J., Gibb, B. E., Metalsky, G. I., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Hankin, B. L., et al. (2008). Measuring cognitive vulnerability to depression: development and validation of the cognitive style questionnaire. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 824–836. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.12.001 .

Halligan, S. L., Michael, T., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder following assault: the role of cognitive processing, trauma memory, and appraisals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 419–431. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.419 .

Hilsman, R., & Garber, J. (1995). A test of the cognitive diathesis-stress model of depression in children: academic stressors, attributional style, perceived competence, and control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 370–380. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.2.370 .

Kessler, R. C., Merikangas, K. R., & Wang, P. S. (2007). Prevalence, comorbidity, and service utilization for mood disorders in the United States at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 137–158. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091444 .

Kleim, B., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2007). Early predictors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in assault survivors. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1457–1467. doi: 10.1017/S0033291707001006 .

Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.

Kubany, E. S., Haynes, S. N., Leisen, M. B., Owens, J. A., Kaplan, A. S., Watson, S. B., et al. (2000). Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 12, 210–224. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210 .

Nelson, H. (1991). National Adult Reading Test (NART). Test Manual. Windson, NFER-Nelson.

Norman, P. D., & Antaki, C. (1988). Real events attributional style questionnaire. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 7(2–3), 97–100.

Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1984). Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: theory and evidence. Psychological Review, 91, 347–374. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.91.3.347 .

Peterson, C., & Villanova, P. (1988). An expanded Attributional Style Questionnaire. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 87–89. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.97.1.87 .

Peterson, C., Semmel, A., von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1982). The Attributional Style Questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 287–300. doi: 10.1007/BF01173577 .

Rosenberg, M. (1989). Society and the adolescent self-image. Revised edition. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.

Scher, C. D., Ingram, R. E., & Segal, Z. V. (2005). Cognitive reactivity and vulnerability: empirical evaluation of construct activation and cognitive diatheses in unipolar depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 487–510. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.01.005 .

Seligman, M. E. (1978). Learned helplessness as a model of depression. Comment and integration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 165–179. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49 .

Sweeney, P. D., Anderson, K., & Bailey, S. (1986). Attributional style in depression: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 974–991. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.974 .

Voelz, Z. R., Haeffel, G. J., Joiner, T. E., & Dineen Wagner, K. (2003). Reducing hopelessness: the interaction of enhancing and depressogenic attributional style for positive and negative life events among youth psychiatric inpatients. Behavior Research and Therapy, 41, 1183–1198. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00030-5 .

WHO, Disorders management, Depression (2008), accessed online at www.who.int , on January 21, 2008.

Williams, J. M. G. (2003). Hopelessness Scale. Unpublished manuscript.

Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hermans, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E., et al. (2003). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 122–148. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.122 .